Radio as a Medium of Mass Communication

Radio as a Medium of Mass Communication LESSON 1 RADIO AS A MEDIUM OF MASS COMMUNICATION IN TODAY’S CONTEXT Introduction Communicators use several media to transmit a message (a thought, idea, opinion, and attitude) to the readers, listeners and or viewers. These media: film, print, broadcasting, are used differently by people for various purposes. Each mass medium has its own distinct nature and characteristics. For example, print medium (newspapers, magazines, etc.) provide detailed information which can be kept for a longer period; accessed whenever needed and used by many persons at a convenient time. Films can be watched and enjoyed at one single place (cinema hall) by many people in large or small groups, or at homes through television sets. Broadcasting on radio and television can bring voices and pictures to a large number of listeners and viewers from long distance. Thus, we see every medium of mass communication works in its own unique way and carries the message far and wide. Each medium has its advantages and limitations in the areas of operation, influence and impact. For instance, print depends on the ability to read. For communicating a message to a child or an illiterate person, television, film or radio would be effective while the print medium will not be relevant. Every medium uses its strengths to provide information, education and entertainment to the public. 1.2 Meaning and Definition In order to appreciate the role of radio as a medium of mass communication, we need to understand what is the concept of communication, what are the various functions and types of communication. The word Communication is derived from the Latin word cornmunis, which means, to make common or to share. There are numerous definitions of communication, and there is yet no agreement on any single definition. Some of the more functional definitions of communication describe it as the transfer or conveying of meaning (Oxford dictionary), transrnission of stimuli (Colin Cherry), one mind affecting another (Claude Shannon); one system influences another (Charles E. Osgood), the mechanism through which human relations exist and develop, or sharing of experience on the basis of commonness (Wilbur Schramm). â€Å"Thus, communication is, a process of sharing or exchange of ideas, information, knowledge, attitude or feeling among two or more persons through certain signs and symbols†. 1.3 Functions of Communication Communication is vital for human existence, and for the progress of humanity. No person, group or society can exist without interaction with others. Think for a moment what would happen to us if we did not talk with anyone at home; didnt listen to lectures at School or college; didnt speak to friends and co-workers; or didnt play games or watch TV or films? Essentially, the primary function of communication is to inform, instruct/educate, entertain influence and persuade people to make them function smoothly and effectively. Besides, communication has a secondary function to perform as well: through debate and discussion it promotes cultural integration, it fosters consensus, creativity, and understanding among people, groups and societies enabling them to live in peace and harmony. 1.4 Types of Communication Human beings are engaged in a variety of communication acts. Although each type of Communication appears-to have distinctive features, they are all much alike in the senses that are enters into a meaningful relationship with one or more persons by means of signs and symbols. These are: Intrapersonal Communication Interpersonal Communication Group Communication Mass Communication. 1.4.1 Intrapersonal Communication refers to communication that leaks inside a person; and this happens all the time. It is like conversation to oneself, listening to oneself and linking with oneself. It is important in anticipating, abstracting and communicating our thoughts or ideas before we actually treat in open communication. 1.4.2 Interpersonal Communication is the world-wide form of communication that takes place between two people. In interpersonal communication, there is face-to-face interaction between two persons, that is, both are sending and receiving messages. This is an ideal and effective communication situation because you can elucidate and highlight many points through your expressions, nods and voice can get instant feedback. 1.4.3 Group Communication is an addition of interpersonal communication where more than two individuals are involved in discussion of ideas. Communication in a group helps many goals including collective decision making, self-expression, increasing ones effect, uplifting ones status, and relaxation. Group communication provides a chance for direct interface among the members of the group; it helps in bringing about changes in attitudes and opinions. 1.4.4 Mass Communication outside the realm of interpersonal communication exists another form of communication which involves communication with mass audiences and hence the nomenclature mass communication. The channels through which this kind of communication takes place are referred to as mass media. Mass communication and mass media, are generally considered synonymous. Mass communication is unique and different from interpersonal communication as is evident from the following definition: Any mechanical device that multiplies messages and takes them to a large number of people simultaneously is called mass communication. The media through which messages are being transmitted include: radio, TV, newspapers, magazines, films, records, tape recorders, video cassette recorders, etc., and require large organizations and electronic devices to put across the messages. Radio as a Mass Medium Radio is the transmission of signals by modulation of electromagnetic waves with frequencies below those of visible light. In electronics, modulation is the process of varying one or more properties of high frequency periodic waveform, called the carrier signal, with respect to a modulating signal. This is done in a similar fashion as a musician may modulate the tone from a musical instrument by varying its volume, timing and pitch. The three key parameters of a periodic waveform are its amplitude (volume), its phase (timing) and its frequency (pitch), all of which can be modified in accordance with a low frequency signal to obtain the modulated signal. During the 1930s, radio was considered an intimate and credible medium. The public used it as a news source and expected it to provide factual information. Radio was the first truly mass medium of communication, reaching millions of people instantly and altering social attitudes, family relationships, and how people related to their environment. Radio is an attractive medium among the various mass communication media because of its special characteristics. It continues to be as relevant and potent as it was in the early years despite the emergence of more glamorous media. It is a truism that in the first phase of broadcasting spanning three decades from the early twenties, radio reigned alone or was the dominant player. However, over a period of time, the media scene has changed drastically. Television with its inherent strength of audio-visual component has captured the imagination of the people. The advent of satellite television, the Internet and the convergence of technology have added further dimensions in media utilization patterns. However, despite the presence of a plethora of media, there is room and scope for each medium. Experience has revealed that new technologies add things on but they dont replace. One medium is not displaced by another each medium reinvents itself in the context of changes in the communicati on environment. In the changed media scenario, radio is reorienting itself with more innovative programmes and formats.

Good and Evil in The Horses :: Horses

Good and Evil in The Horses    The concepts of good and evil resonate throughout the work of the Scottish poet Edwin Muir. In Muir’s important poem â€Å"The Horses,† guilt and innocence, good and evil, are also in the plainest view. But the poem is not sabotaged artistically because of it, as so many such poems are. â€Å"The Horses† is about the unexpected return, after an apocalypse, of new horses that restore the â€Å"long lost archaic companionship† with the surviving humans. The narrator condemns the â€Å"old bad world† that wreaked the damage: Barely a twelvemonth after The seven days war that put the world to sleep, Late in the evening the strange horses came. By then we had made our convenant with silence, But in the first few days it was so still We listened to our breathing and were afraid. On the second day The radios failed; we turned the knobs; no answer. But on the third day a warship passed us, heading north, Dead bodies piled on the deck. On the sixth day A plane plunged over us into the sea. Thereafter Nothing. The radios dumb. And still they stand in corners of our kitchens, And stand, perhaps, turned on, in a million rooms, All over the world. But now if they should speak, If on a sudden they should speak again If on the stroke of noon a voice should speak, We would not listen, we would not let it bring That old bad world that swallowed its children quick At one great gulp. We would not have it again . . . Have Armageddon and its aftermath ever been more powerfully, more palpably imagined? And yet, I do not think that the poem’s extraordinary vividness is the greatest strength of â€Å"The Horses.† Its special power is in the way cataclysm evokes Muir’s most abiding theme: the renewal of that â€Å"long-lost archaic† bond between life and the world even in the face of catastrophe (â€Å"Our life is changed; their coming our beginning†).

Art and Literature in Augustan Rome Essay

The beginning of this time period comes with the death of Julius Caesar and the rise to power of his nephew, Octavius. He was in the Second Triumvirate that was formed to maintain order in Rome. Octavian, Marcus Lepidus, and Marc Antony ruled formally unlike the informal triumvirate of Julius Caesar. The triumvirate set out to execute members of the conspiracy against Julius Caesar. In 42 BC, Brutus and Cassius were finally defeated. In the following years the triumvirate diminished. In 36 BC, Lepidus retired. Marc Antony began to have affairs with Cleopatra, the queen of Egypt. These affairs briefly came to a pause when Antony married Octavian’s sister Octavia. Marc Antony later returns to Egypt and marries Cleopatra. This causes Octavian and Antony to break out into war. He then takes his great-uncles name of Augustus and claims his leadership over Rome by defeating Mark Antony. Much art and literature was dedicated to the support of Augustus, which helped to bring together his empire. The Aeneid is an example of such propaganda in favor of Augustus, which people often find parallels between Aeneas and Augustus. In order for Augustus to maintain his newly gained power he uses such art and literature to influence his people. This form of media, which propaganda was a key part, plays an important role in his plan to maintain power. Augustus, known first to history as Gaius Octavius, was born in 63 BC. His relation to Julius Caesar comes from his grandmother Julia, who was Caesar’s sister. His great-uncle encourages him, for he sees talent in him, and even puts him in his will as his successor, along with three quarters of his estate. In 44 BC Caesar is assassinated and Augustus heads to Rome to pay his respects and to take his throne. He has to battle against Mark Antony, who was one of Caesar’s most trusted lieutenants. After ultimately causing Antony and his second wife Cleopatra to commit suicide, Augustus returns to Rome as the undisputed master of both east and west. Augustus ruled by patronage, military power, and accumulation of the offices. He was a sole ruler of Rome, which in result became known as the Roman Empire. The Senate became docile to Augustus and allowed him to have control. He gained the people’s support by funding various poets and artisans, who in exchange  glorified him in their work. This use of the arts, is example to Augustus’ use of political propaganda through art and literature. The writer of the Aeneid, Virgil, was a part of the circle of artists and poets supported by the wealthy patron Maecenas, who was close to Augustus. This gave him the freedom to spend most of his time writing. Since Virgil was writing under a patron close to the emperor, his stories had an element of political propaganda. He tied the life of Aeneas in the Aeneid, to that of Augustus, legitimizing the position of monarch and pleasing the emperor. This story was extremely popular in Rome and Aeneas was seen as the model citizen, so you can see why the connection to Augustus could work as a sort of propaganda. The Aeneid is interpreted by some, to validate the â€Å"golden age† and the restoration of the republic that Augustus had claimed to have done. It is a form of positive propaganda for Augustus, portraying him in a positive light for all of Rome to read. The most obvious connection between Aeneas and Augustus was their roles as founders. Aeneas founded the Roman Empire in the Aeneid and Augustus re-founded the empire after it had begun to fall apart after Caesar’s assassination and the subsequent battle for total power. In Book Six, Aeneas is shown a prophecy of the coming greatness of Rome, in a clear reference to Augustus’ rule. Another example is that the poem also served in Augustus’s attempts to re-introduce Roman values into Roman society, including reverence for the gods. Aeneas continually showed reverence to the gods, just as he did when he left Dido because it was the god’s will. The poem continues to reflect these ideals by portraying Aeneas not as a man motivated by personal gain, but a man motivated by his love and loyalty to his country, people and gods. For Romans the Aeneid is seen as something mystical, which it may be, but for Augustus it is just another example of his use of literature and art as propaganda. Augustus also united the Empire through his use of the arts as a form of self-promotion and to promote the themes of his administration, such as peace, allegiance to Rome, and respect for tradition. He visually improved the city by constructing new buildings that were worthy of the powerful Empire. He made art into the materialization of Roman government which was an idea continued by his descendants and was declared a god. He knew that he  had to portray his greatness in all the aspects of his subjects’ lives, including the arts. Three examples of such art are the Ara Pacis, the Temple of Mars, and the Res Gestae Divi Augustus. The Ara Pacis was made to honor the triumphal return from Spain and Gaul of Augustus and to celebrate the peace established by his victories. The Temple of Mars was constructed in Rome, to give thanks to the god for his victory over the assassins of his adoptive father, Gaius Julius Caesar. The Res Gestae Divi Augustus, is the first-person record of Augustus’ life and accomplishments. It is to show the greatness of Augustus and how he wanted it to be portrayed to his Roman people. These three pieces of art were very important in helping Augustus maintaining his power. Augustus’ use of art and literature as propaganda to influence his people was his way of keeping hold of his power. He was aware, as example of his great-uncle, that keeping power as a Roman Leader wasn’t easy. Even from the very beginning of his climb to power, when he had to fight for his throne against Mark Antony, he realized that his reign would come with some struggle. Which is why once he obtained complete control he used the works of artisans and poets to pay homage to himself and to influence the people of Rome to see Augustus in a favorable light. Just as Virgil’s epic, the Aeneid was extremely influential, not only to the people of the time of Augustan Rome, but also to many generations afterward. Augustus’ support created a â€Å"golden age† of literature even if much of it was a sort of propaganda. It is easy to understand why many other monarchs would strive to be like Augustus and to immortalize themselves in the arts and literature of their time as he once did. For he was an outstanding military leader, an excellent overseer of many public works, as well as being the leader during the longest period of peace and prosperity that Rome has ever experienced. Not only did he do all of this, but he also was extremely successful in his use of art and literature propaganda to influence the people around him. It not only gained him the support of the people of Rome, but it helped to unite his empire, as well as allowing him to live forever, not in a human body, but in the threads and strokes of all the works dedicated to him.

Southern Gothic Literacy in A Rose for Emily - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 2 Words: 553 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2019/04/15 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: A Rose For Emily Essay Did you like this example? Gothic can be characterized as writing managing the abnormal, puzzling, and extraordinary intended to conjure tension and fear in the peruser. Gothic writing for the most part exhibits similar topics and themes: love, lust. Gothic writing investigates forbidden subjects; for example, murder, suicide and inbreeding. A Rose for Emily, by William Faulkner, illustrates the Southern Gothic stories since the topics of affection lost, demise, and murder are available in it. There are numerous components that allude to the Gothic idea of the story:Emilys depiction, her home, the toxic substance she purchased, lastly, the closure. William Faulkner mimics the affiliated Southern narrating style as an anonymous first-individual storyteller. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Southern Gothic Literacy in A Rose for Emily" essay for you Create order He represents the entire town of Jefferson, pertaining to what all the townspeople know or accept Emily. Emily is a baffling figure who changes from a lively and cheerful young lady to a women who became depressed. Crushed and alone after her dads passing, she is a question of pity for the town people. Throughout the story, the creator depicts her as being unusual and lonely. She looked enlarged, similar to a body since quite a while ago submerged in unmoving water, and of that pale tone. Her eyes, lost in the greasy edges of her face, looked like two little bits of coal squeezed into a chunk of batter. She is depicted as a living tragedy.At that point, later in the story, Emily denies her dads demise and refuses to give individuals a chance to come in her home to get the body. She revealed to them that her dad was not dead. She did that for three days; similarly as they were going to turn to law and power, she separated, and they covered her dad rapidly. Faulkners depiction of the Gothic is likewise portrayed through Emilys home. What used to be a major and wonderful home is currently a terrible and disheveled shack. It is depicted as being moist, substantial, vacant, and brimming with corners to conceal mysteries. The house and Emily are identified in a similar way, remnants of the past. Inside the house is an eerie reflection of her; vacant and dim like the dry and cool voice of Emily. Every one of these components tie to the surface layer, the Gothic setting. There is additionally something specific about the house; there is a ghastly smell leaving it. This smell includes the dull climate around the house. Not to mention, the primary component that makes the story Gothic is the completion. Emilys mystery is uncovered; she has killed him to keep him with her and to keep a component of the past with her. Later on, when they found the body in a bed, they also discover a strand of her hair on a pad alongside him. This final scene proposes that she laid down with the cadaver. It leaves no uncertainty in the psyche of the peruser that A Rose for Emily is a Gothic story. It utilizes the topic of murder, which is a repetitive topic in Gothic stories. All in all, A Rose for Emily is a Gothic story. Emilys character, her tremendous and rotted house, the arsenic scene, and the disclosure of her sweethearts body are altogether occasions that demonstrate it. The presumption to the peruser is that something appalling will occur toward the end.

My Little Pride And Joy - 946 Words

My Little Pride and Joy For months I had considered adopting another purebred Pomeranian to add to my to my family and bring tons of joy. I checked the purebred puppies on Washington Pomeranian Breeders every day as new puppies were added including pictures. I looked at many puppies, some were orange, some crà ¨me, black, chocolate and some were blue. I saw many cute puppies and was charmed by each of them. I wanted to bring them all home. Then I saw the puppy of my dreams. She was so cute and alert and she had the cutest smile on her little face that said â€Å"take me home!† I was smitten at once and knew this was the one puppy I had been searching for. Blue merle parti-colored she was with a little black nose and long white legs. Her ears are black and the color blends in with her blue markings on her head. She has a white blaze face and small white muzzle. She has a long white collar from the top of her neck to her shoulders, then blue merle on her body with a large black patch on her right side. The base of her tail is dark to the middle and the rest of it is white. She has tiny blue spots on her legs and paws and her pads are pink and blue. Her listed name was Exquisite Sarah. I spoke to an agent on the phone and he put my name on her and she would fly United Airlines from California to SeaTac airport that week and I would pick her up. I immediately had a name for her. I named her Celeste Babette Bouvier as I felt that fit her to a teaShow MoreRelated Literature And The Workplace Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pagesthe common themes that are found in the literature of work might include finding one’s vocation and pride in work. These are two of the most positive experiences, and the focus of this paper. 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The Diversity Of Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder

Introduction Throughout my life, I have always been taught to be respectful and grateful. My mother instilled in me these two values at a young age and emphasized on its significance. This helped me realize that, in this world, there are many people who undergo unbearable adversities, far worse, traumatic, and painful than I do. This awakening encouraged me to be more grateful for my experiences. As a child, I was cognizant of people with mental disorders but there had always been that barrier that prevented me from approaching and getting to know them better until I met my best friend’s brother in high school. It was as if a new door opened up to my sense of identity and self-awareness in this world. Fortunately, as years passed by, my best friend’s brother and I grew close. I realized that autistic people were people just like us who needed to be cared for and loved compassionately just like every human being. This past year, I started working for a company that shelt ers people diagnosed of Autism Spectrum Disorder, which allowed me to firsthand witness what was so new to me, and most important to learn about the disorder. According to CDC, autism spectrum disorder is a group of developmental disabilities that can cause significant social communication and behavioral challenges (2015). Needless to say, while people diagnosed of ASD may carry these developmental incapacities, it typically does not distinguish them from other people. For this purpose, this disorderShow MoreRelatedAutism Spectrum Disorder ( Autism ) Essay1739 Words   |  7 Pages1943 a child psychiatrist named Leo Kanner wrote about a group of children who were apathetic to their family members and made odd and repetitive movements. A year later, Hans Asperger observed similar behavior in another group of children, also noting a lack of understanding of social conventions (Lai, 2014). 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With autism being based on such a broad spectrum, the affects andRead MoreAutism Is A Psychological Disorder1329 Words   |  6 PagesAutism continues to spark countless discussions and debates throughout the medical field. Some doctors believe that autism is a neurological disorder that can and should be treated, as others continue to think it is simply a difference in human adaption that needs to be nurtured and acknowledged. Regardless of what autism may be, it continues to dramatically rise in the number of children and families affected. With autism being based on such a broad spectrum, the affects and causes leaves the medicalRead MoreVoice Or A Robot Like Voice1384 Words   |  6 Pageschildren’s milestones may take longer than usual. A lot of children have speech delays. It is common for children in schools to see a speech pathologist. It is not always a sign of Autism. Lastly, repetitive behaviors include hand-flapping, rocking, jumping, or twirling. 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Natural Resource Management Koala Population

Question: Discuss about theNatural Resource Management for Koala Population. Answer: Introduction This report is focusing at examining the current state of the Koala population in the East Coomera Area of Australia. In particular, the report reviews the threat facing the Koala population and provide and action plan that can be used to protect the endangered species. It has been alleged that the forestry operations in the region endangered the precious mammal and if no action is taken, then Koalas face extinction. Despite the modern and ecologically sustainable policies and principles that have been put in place by the Australian government, timber harvesting has confused with land clearing activities. Many people have not taken the existence of the Koalas in the timber-producing forests seriously. Therefore, before coming up with a conservation plan to protect the Koalas, it is important to examine the nature and extent of such threats (Allen, Saxon, McDougall , 2010). The Background of Koala Population Koalas have dwelled in the Southern, Eastern and the Mainland of Australia for a very long time. However, in the 20th century, events such as disease epidemics, increased urbanization, timber harvesting, hunting by fur traders from Europe and pastoral pressure have led to the reduction in abundance and distribution of Koalas in Australia (Traffic Engineering and Road Safety Practice Standards, 2011). It is difficult to estimate the current population of Koalas either locally, regionally or in entire Australia. Therefore the generations of abundance and distribution of Koalas have been made without proper assessment. According to the State Government program on Koala's population, it is estimated that the population of Koalas has reduced by approximately 60% between 1999 and present (Bednarik, 2013). In 2012, the Koala's population in Australia was listed as vulnerable in agreement with the Commonwealth's Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act of 1999. The Australian Senate instituted an inquiry on the state of the endangered species in 2010, according to the report findings, the Koalas' population faced conservation challenges especially in the Southern part of Australia (Mills Allendorf, 2002). The East Coomera area contains approximately 170 koalas spread within an area of 150 hectares. However, the original area covered by the Koalas is estimated to have been over 1500 hectares. Much is these areas have been cleared by timber harvesters and urbanization which have seen the development of roads, towns and other infrastructure such as the Pacific Motorway (Biolink, 2007b). Although the areas have established itself as supportive to the Koalas, the existence of this species has been threatened by habitat, degradation, isolation and fragmentation, bushfires, attack by dogs, vehicle strikes, and diseases. In 2007, a study commissioned by the city council on the Koala population and habitat assessment raised grave concern over the population. The report further indicated the area occupied by the Koalas have decreased since 1990. The study showed that only 52% of the preferred 150 hectares were occupied by Koalas. The population estimate also showed that the area as only occupied by between 50 and 100 koalas (Mills Allendorf, 2002). Key Threats to Koala Population The key issues affecting the Koalas' population in the East Coomera areas listed below; Degradation and Habitat Loss The actual reduction of Koala's population and distribution have been attributed by land clearing for urban and agricultural development more so in the high fertile areas. Today, degradation and habitat loss is considered to be the leading threat to Koalas' existence. Timber harvesting and farming activities have reduced the area covered by the Koala population to only 34% (Biolink, 2007a ). The existence of Koala heavily depends on specific species of tree found in the floodplains and river valleys. But due to the effects of fire, and drought, such trees have reduced forcing Koalas to retreat to unaffected areas. Urbanization in the East Coast region is considered to be a major threat to the remaining Koalas' population (CSIRO BoM, 2014). Diseases Chlamydia which is caused by C. pneumonia and Chlamydia is considered to be the prevalent Koala disease. The disease is easily transmitted among Koalas and can cause death within one week following infection (Koala Hospital ? Port Macquarie N, 2010). Predation Natural predators like dingos and Foxes pose a serious threat to Koalas both in trees and on the ground. Likewise, Owls and Raptors also kill or attempt to kill smaller koalas. Likewise, domestic dogs have been identified as a critical threat to the Koalas' population, especially in the urbanized areas. A study conducted by the State government in 2013 showed that the number of koalas killed by roaming and feral dogs has increased significantly and if no action was taken immediately then, Koala is an endangered species (Chenoweth EPLA and Bushland Restoration Services, 2012). Collisions An increasing number of road accidents also threaten the Koala population around the urban areas. For example in Moggil Koala Hospital reported over 250 Koalas that had been admitted to the hospital because of vehicle accidents between 2010 and 2012. Apart from, diseases, vehicle strikes have been reported to be the second leading cause of Koala admissions (Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council, 2009). Natural Events Natural events such as drought, wildlife, and dying of Eucalypt trees have also endangered the abundance and distribution of Koala population. With drought, water supply in the forests have declined in the region. However, with urbanization the level of competition for resources among the wild animal has increased. Koala can be therefore considered to be a threatened mammal (Clifton, 2010). The nature and extent of the threats to the facing Koala population clearly show that there is the need to protect them from harm as a result of habitat fragmentation or loss, vehicle accidents, predators, diseases, genetic isolation and bushfires. This project is based on the community awareness through education, research, koala welfare, monitoring, reviewing and evaluation of the current conditions facing the koala population (DAFF, 2013). Describe any (Multi scalar) Planning Instruments City of Gold Coast Council Using to Protect Koalas There exist several institutional policies that have been established to protect the Koala population from extinction in East Commera and the larger region of Gold Coast. The established policies that have been put in place are ranked acc0ording to the institutions that established them i.e. international body, national bodies, State bodies, Regional and Local as summarised in the table below; Levels Established bodies/ institutions International The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) policy and the US Fish and Wildlife service policy offering international guideline on the protection of wildlife and the marine. National Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 or simply the EPBC Act which is a legislative that manages and protects the flora, fauna, heritage places and ecological communities at the national level. State a) South East Queensland Koala Conservation State Planning Regulatory Provisions (SPRP) 2015 which addresses priority areas in the conservation of Koala targeting areas where the Koala population is considered to be at a higher risk of extinction. It offers guidelines that minimizes the negative effect on the Koala population depending on the habitat type and the development type. b) The Queensland Environmental Offset Policy guiding the rehabilitation of the environment, protecting and establishing conducive Koala habitat. c) TheState Government Supported Community Infrastructure Koala Conservation (SEQKPA) Policy provides outlines for the public infrastructures to follow while constructing infrastructures such as schools and roads within the Koala habitat. d) Nature Conservation (Koala) Conservation Plan 2006 and Management Program 2006-2016 (koala plan) provides a general overview of handling Koala habitat. It refers to sustainability and conservation of Koala habitat. Regional The South East Queensland Natural Resource Management Plan (SEQNRMP) Plan ensures that the policies that have been established at the higher levels have been implemented at the region level. Local The Koala Conservation Plan for East Coomera Vegetation Protection Order (VPOs) plan, The GCC plan among others have been established to ensure that indigenous trees have been protected by the local governments in the region Land Clearing Management by the City of Gold Coast Council Management of vegetation in public and private lands is solely managed by the City of Gold Coast Council. Planting and Clearing of Trees The planting, maintenance and clearing of trees in public reserves, road side, nature strips, gardens, and parks is controlled by the City Council. Likewise, the city council has enacted laws, policies and regulations that govern the preservation of trees on the private lands within the state. A land owner has to make a written application before clearing the land, planting trees or pruning them. An expert is then assigned to determine is the action that the land owner has applied for is for the best interest of the city residents and its habitats. The council cannot allow cutting or a tree or land clearing because it is dropping twigs or leaves around the residential areas. The city council holds that their experts should be involved in trimming/ pruning a tree because such an action would make the tree unstable or unhealthy. The application by the land owner for land clearing should include the reason as to why he feels the land should be cleared. The application should also include the site plan which identifies the vegetation under discussion for the purpose of assessment. Management of Vegetation on the Private Lands The city Council of Gold Coast has a mandate to protect the vegetation found on the private lands as a way of preserving the citys amenity, character, historical, biodiversity and ecological values. The city council is dedicated to protect the lifestyle and culture of its people and the wildlife such as the Koalas. The vegetation and other indigenous trees are protected by Vegetation management plan by the city council which outlines the guidelines that are considered to be acceptable for land clearing. The Conservation Action Plan The proposed Koala conservation action plan is to be implemented between the period of December 2016 and December 2021. During the period, the action would be reviewed to identify areas that require more action for the effective performance of the action plan (Clifton, 2010). The action plan comprises of; Habitat conservation and restoration Traffic management Management of feral animals Dog management Management of Bushfires Establishing koala welfare movement Community awareness and education Funding Monitoring Conducting further research on the issue. Habitat Conservation Habitat degradation and loss has been identified to have a devastating effect on koala species. Habitat loss has exerted pressure on the remaining koala population which have been confined to a smaller area. The best approach to conserving the koala habitat would be through a combination of several regulations-both incentives and legislative based. Combined with appropriate community awareness and education, the action will succeed (Couvet, 2012). The following actions should be taken to conserve the habitat. Enhancing the level of protection accorded to the tree species preferred by the koalas within the areas as identified under the Priority Koala Conservation Precinct (PKCP). Amending the 2015 City Plan based on mapping and codes to comply with the PKCP. Adoption of the Nature Conservation Policy and Code 8 on the protection of Koala species. Continue the negotiation with the City developers and the general population on the voluntary protection of the koala species. Investigating habitat linkages in the PKCP for possible enhancement of the opportunities to the safe koala. Introduce incentive-based programs that would encourage management, restoration, and conservation of koala habitat. Conduct annual inspection of parklands and reserves to determine the conditions of the koala preferred tree species (Matthews Lunney, 2006). Traffic management The Australian wild care should continue to gather information on the number of koalas treated by them. This would help in the ongoing conservation planning and population monitoring. Collaborate with the Transport Department to implement additional measures for State and City roads. This would enhance the koalas' existence by protecting them against potential accidents. Engage with the road designers to identify scheme code planning favourable to the koalas. Check the Australian wildcare database to identify the emerging black spots on the local road. The information will help in marking koala crossing points. Implement appropriate road signs in line with the findings in d) above. Some measures to be taken include upgrading road signage and making the roads as slower speed areas in collaboration with the traffic department. Dog management Reviewing the local laws to a) prescribe regulations that should be met before residents are allowed to keep their dogs within koala areas. And b) creation of standardized dog ownership notifications informing of the owners about their role towards protecting koalas (Jones Dexter, 2013). Raising awareness about the threats posted by the dog threats on the koala population. The wild officer should respond as shown there is a complaint about dogs roaming in the areas. Following up attack cases until the issues have been resolved adequately. This would include imposing fines on the people whose dogs have been involved the attacks (Gold Coast City Council-AECOM, 2009). Management of feral animals Employing proactive measures in the management of Foxes and wild dogs. Designing and implementation of a wild dog and fox monitoring program within the Bush sites. Continue the collaboration with the Geographic Information System (GIS) to maintain the Feral Animals Database to map the East Coomera area. Management of Bushfires The stakeholders should ensure that the koala and their habitats are effectively considered when preparing the Bushfire strategic management plans as well as hazard reduction plans on bushfires (Gold Coast City Council, 2010). Ensure that the plans mentioned in a) are well managed to minimize the risks associated with bushfires within the koalas' habitats. Liaising with the state fire brigades in the East Coomera area in outlining the conservation requirement for the koala. The requirements should include methods that would enable the identification on whether or not koalas were present during bushfires. Review the previous bushfires in the region and the extent of damages caused by them. The findings would be used to map the areas that are likely to be affected and outline proactive measures (McAlpine, Rhodes, Lunney, 2007). Establishing koala welfare movement Actively engage in promoting awareness information on koala conservation. The stakeholders should engage the community in reporting koala sightings. Maintaining informative information on koala's health, rescue locations and threats. Collaborating with learning institutions to engage on researches that would help in developing chlamydia vaccine to reduce the effects of the disease on the koala (Ellis, 2010). Collaborate with the Australian Wildcare in rescuing injured and sick koalas in time. Liaising with the East Coomera's states on the best ways of managing clearing of vegetation in the area. Community awareness and education Maintaining and promoting updated information on koala conservation on East Coomera website and the social media platforms. Encourage the community to voluntary report the presence of foxes and wild dogs in the areas to the State's Animal Management Department. Initiating koala cooperative programs in the area within the first one year after the action plan has been implemented (Friends of the Koala, 2009). Developing environmental education programs that will increase the community's awareness on the importance of koala conservation. Collaborating with the local media houses in promoting koala conservation programs. Funding Funding potential opportunities and researches that will help in promoting koala conservation and cooperative programs. Identifying organizations and well-wishers who are ready to funds project aimed at conserving the koala population. Identification of research and action partnerships. Conducting further research on the issue. Participating in researches aimed at discovering new ways of enhancing koala population and habitat. The research should also involve identification of new sources of funds. Maintaining a database containing reports and researches conducted on this issue. The information should then be added to the Nature Conservation database to serve a larger population. Collaborating with universities to conduct researches on the koala. For example of research topics would be; a) long-term effects of bushfires on koala habitat; and b) researches that promote the awareness on diseases facing koala population. Monitoring Monitoring habitat after every two years to check on how the habitat have been affected by both the natural and artificial factors. Reviewing the database that had been created on koala to investigate changes that have occurred in the koala habitat on an annual basis (Friends of the Koala, 2009). References Allen, C. D., Saxon, M., McDougall , K. (2010). Koala survey in central forests of the Bermagui ?Mumbulla. Sydney South : 200709: An interim report. Bednarik, R. G. (2013). Habitat use by koalas at the Koala Conservation Centre, Phillip Island. Melbourne: University of Melbourne. Biolink. (2007a ). Koala Population and Habitat Assessment for Gold Coast City LGA. Report prepared for Gold Coast City Council. Biolink. (2007b). Conserving Koalas in the Coomera-Pimpama Koala Habitat Area: a view to the future. Report prepared for Gold Coast City Council. Chenoweth EPLA and Bushland Restoration Services. (2012). South East Queensland Ecological Restoration Framework: Guideline. Brisbane: Prepared on behalf of SEQ Catchments and South East Queensland Local Governments. Clifton, I. D. (2010). High koala mortality associated with low browse moisture in tropical environments. Aust. Mammal, 32 (2), 157?9. Couvet, D. (2012). Deleterious effects of restricted gene flow in fragmented populations. CXonservation Biology, 16:369-376. CSIRO BoM. (2014). Climate change in Australia. technical report 2014. DAFF. (2013). The tenure of Australian native forests. Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry. Retrieved from https://www.daff.gov.au/brs/forest?veg/nfi/forest?info/tenure Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (DEHP). (2012). Koala Sensitive Design Guidelines: A guide to koala sensitive design measures for planning and development activities. Queensland Government. Department of Environment and Heritage Protection (DEHP). (2013). Koala Sensitive Design Guideline State Planning Policy 2/10 Koala Conservation in South East Queensland. Queensland Government. Dique, D., Preece, H., Thompson , J. (2012). Determining the distribution and abundance of a regional koala population in south?east Queensland for conservation management. Wildl. Res, 31 109?17. Ellis, W. (2010). Climate change and the koala Phascolarctos conereus : water and energy. Aust. Zool. Friends of the Koala. (2009). Firends of the Koala ? Conservine koala and their habitat in the Northern Rivers of NSW. Retrieved from https://www.friendsofthekoala.org/fok/ Gold Coast City Council. (2010). Burleigh Green Space Conservation Reserves Management Plan. Gold Coast City Council. Gold Coast City Council-AECOM. (2009). Burleigh Green Space Conservation Reserve-Fire Management Plan. Gold Coast City Council. Jones, D., Dexter, C. (2013). Koala Retrofit works program-evaluation monitoring for koala specific over pass structure. Environmental Futures Centre. . Griffith University. Koala Hospital ? Port Macquarie N. (2010). Koala Hospital ? Port Macquarie, NSW ? The facts about koalas. Port Macquarie. Retrieved from https://www.koalahospital.org.au/the?facts Matthews, A., Lunney, D. (2006). Tree use by koalas Phascolarctos cinereus after fire in a remnant coastal forest. Wildlife Research , 34:84-93. McAlpine, C., Rhodes, J., Lunney, D. (2007). Planning guidelines for koala conservation and recovery. Brisbane: University of Queensland. Mills, S., Allendorf, F. (2002). The one migration per generation rule in conservation management. Conservation Biology, 10:1509-1518. Natural Resource Management Ministerial Council. (2009). National Koala Conservation and Management Strategy 2009-2014. Commonwealth Government. Traffic Engineering and Road Safety Practice Standards. (2011). Wildlife Signage Guidelines. Retrieved from https://www.google.com.au/url?url=https://www.tmr.qld.gov.au/~/media/busind/techstdpubs/trum/TRUMWildlifeSignsUnderDevelopmentV11.pdf