Tax and Gearing

W22Extra: Tax and Gearing: More Questions Multiple Choice 1) Which of the following statements is false? A) In general, the gain to investors from the tax deductibility of interest payments is referred to as the interest tax shield. B) The interest tax shield is the additional amount that a firm would have paid in taxes if it did not have leverage. C) Because Corporations pay taxes on their profits after interest payments are deducted, interest expenses reduce the amount of corporate tax firms must pay. D) As Modigliani and Miller made clear in their original work, capital structure matters in perfect capital markets.Thus, if capital structure does not matter, then it must stem from a market imperfection. As Modigliani and Miller made clear in their original work, capital structure does not matter in perfect capital markets. Thus, if capital structure matters, then it must stem from a market imperfection. ————————— Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€ Rosewood Industries has EBIT of $450 million, interest expense of $175 million, and a corporate tax rate of 35%. 2) Rosewood's net income is closest to: A) $450 million B) $180 million C) $290 million D) $95 million Net income = (EBIT – Interest expense)(1 – ?C) = (450 – 175)(1 – . 35) = $178. 75 3) The total of Rosewood's net income and interest payments is closest to: A) $270 million B) $355 million C) $290 million D) $450 million Net income + Interest = (EBIT – Interest expense)(1 – ? C) = (450 – 175)(1 – . 35) = $178. 75 + $175 = $353. 73 4) If Rosewood had no interest expense, its net income would be closest to: A) $405 million B) $160 million C) $450 million D) $290 million Net income = (EBIT – Interest expense)(1 – ? C) = (450 – 0)(1 – . 35) = $292. 50 5) The amount of Rosewood's interest tax shield is closest to: A) $115 million B) $290 millionC) $175 million D) $60 million Interest tax shield = Interest expense(? C) = 175(. 35) = $61. 25 ——————————————————————————— Fly by Night Aviation (FBNA) expects to have net profit available for shareholders next year of ? 24 million and Free Cash Flow of ? 27 million. FBNA's marginal corporate tax rate is 40%. 6) Establish FBNA's EBIT A) ? 43 million B) ? 40 Million C) ? 45 million D) ? 60 million EBIT = NI + Taxes + Interest expense FCF = NI + Interest expense => 27 = 24 + interest expense = 3 (EBIT – Interest Expense)(1 – 0. ) = NI (EBIT – 3)(0. 6) = 24 (EBIT – 3) = 24/0. 6 = 40 EBIT = 40 + 3 = $43 7) IF FBNA increases leverage so that its interest expense rises by ? 1 million, then the amount its profit for shareholders will change is closest to: A) -? 400,000 B) -? 600,000 C) ? 400,000 D) ? 600,000 (EBIT – Interest Expense – chg IE)(1 – 0. 4) = NI + chg NI (- chg IE)(0. 6) = chg NI -1m (. 6) = -600,000 Or, -$1m (1 – . 4) = -$600,000 8) IF FBNA increases leverage so that its interest expense rises by ? 1 million, then the amount its Free Cash flow will change is closest to: A) -? 600,000 B) -? 400,000C) ? 600,000 D) ? 400,000 FCF = NI + Interest expense chg FCF = chg NI + chg Interest expense = – 600,000 + 1m = +400,000 Or, $1m (0. 4) = $400,000 ————————————————————————— LCMS Industries has ? 70 million in debt outstanding. The firm will pay only interest on this debt (the debt is perpetual). LCMS' marginal tax rate is 35% and the firm pays a rate of 8% inte rest on its debt. 9) LCMS' annual interest tax shield is closest to: A) ? 2. 8 million B) ? 2. 0 million C) ? 3. 6 million D) ? 5. 6 million Annual Tax shield= annual debt interest ? C = ? 70M ? 0. 08 ? .35 = 1. 96M 10) Assuming that the risk is the same as the loan, the present value of LCMS' interest tax shield is closest to: A) ? 45. 5 million B) ? 20. 0 million C) ? 24. 5 million D) ? 35. 0 million PV of Tax shield = debt ? ?C = ? 70M ? .35 = 24. 5M 11) Assuming that the risk of the tax shield is only 6% even though the loan pays 8%, then the present value of LCMS' interest tax shield is closest to: A) ? 24. 5 million B) ? 18 million C) ? 33. 0 million D) ? $20. 0 million PV of Tax shield = debt ? ?C ? rD / rD2 = $70M ? .35 ? .08/. 06 = 32. 67

Pepsi Lipton

BRISK ® CASE STUDY Overview Customer Profile The Pepsi-Lipton Partnership is a joint endeavor between two major brands, Pepsi-Cola North America and Unilever. This entity is responsible for the Canadian promotions of Lipton, one of the leading beverages in the global market. Business Situation The company launched an entirely new Brisk ® Ready-to-Drink Iced Tea early last year. The brand recognized the emerging presence of a new media segment and required assistance in exploring the potential of direct-client communication using Mobile and Web technology.Addictive Mobile Corp. Solution Addictive Mobile Corp. combined marketing savvy with their licensed technology to design and power a Txt 2 Win Contest campaign, â€Å"Beat the Blues with Brisk ®Ã¢â‚¬ . The promotion incorporated both web and mobile mediums to enhance customer experience. 1 Benefits Brisk ® gained the ability to offer contestants premium web and mobile content while providing an amusing, interactive and inst antaneous entry method.Coke and PepsiThis trend setting use of wireless technologies created a consumer buzz while allowing the brand to track promotional results in real-time. PROFESSIONAL SOLUTION Traditional media assisted in forming initial contest awareness with high school party announcements, beverage cooler stickers and high traffic website banners. Consumers were informed they could enter the Brisk ® contest for chances to win a grand prize and one of the weekly draws, 1001 prizes in all. Participants sent an SMS message to the short code 27475 (BRISK) to automatically opt-in to the contest.Through a wireless dialog, the consumer learned they could gain an extra ballot each time they sent the text message â€Å"PLAY† once a day. Technology integration allowed entrants to send free SMS text messages to their friends from the website, www. brisk. ca. Selected participants were sent a winning code via text message and instructed to go online for prize redemption. 2 RE SULTS AMC’s mobile technology, compatible with all mobile carriers, permitted a wireless pathway for participation in the â€Å"Beat the Blues with Brisk ®Ã¢â‚¬  contest.There was a total of 50,000 entries (two months), fully automated, including selection and prize redemption. During the promotion, a 9% spike in sales was noticed, an average of 100 new members signed up each day while website traffic increased to 1. 7 million hits. Brisk ® now has a database of over 6,000 opt-in members, indispensable market research to compare and analyze. Brand affinity was strengthened through an engaging and personal method directed towards consumer identification. All within in a two months campaign. 3 Pepsi Lipton BRISK ® CASE STUDY Overview Customer Profile The Pepsi-Lipton Partnership is a joint endeavor between two major brands, Pepsi-Cola North America and Unilever. This entity is responsible for the Canadian promotions of Lipton, one of the leading beverages in the global market. Business Situation The company launched an entirely new Brisk ® Ready-to-Drink Iced Tea early last year. The brand recognized the emerging presence of a new media segment and required assistance in exploring the potential of direct-client communication using Mobile and Web technology.Addictive Mobile Corp. Solution Addictive Mobile Corp. combined marketing savvy with their licensed technology to design and power a Txt 2 Win Contest campaign, â€Å"Beat the Blues with Brisk ®Ã¢â‚¬ . The promotion incorporated both web and mobile mediums to enhance customer experience. 1 Benefits Brisk ® gained the ability to offer contestants premium web and mobile content while providing an amusing, interactive and inst antaneous entry method.Coke and PepsiThis trend setting use of wireless technologies created a consumer buzz while allowing the brand to track promotional results in real-time. PROFESSIONAL SOLUTION Traditional media assisted in forming initial contest awareness with high school party announcements, beverage cooler stickers and high traffic website banners. Consumers were informed they could enter the Brisk ® contest for chances to win a grand prize and one of the weekly draws, 1001 prizes in all. Participants sent an SMS message to the short code 27475 (BRISK) to automatically opt-in to the contest.Through a wireless dialog, the consumer learned they could gain an extra ballot each time they sent the text message â€Å"PLAY† once a day. Technology integration allowed entrants to send free SMS text messages to their friends from the website, www. brisk. ca. Selected participants were sent a winning code via text message and instructed to go online for prize redemption. 2 RE SULTS AMC’s mobile technology, compatible with all mobile carriers, permitted a wireless pathway for participation in the â€Å"Beat the Blues with Brisk ®Ã¢â‚¬  contest.There was a total of 50,000 entries (two months), fully automated, including selection and prize redemption. During the promotion, a 9% spike in sales was noticed, an average of 100 new members signed up each day while website traffic increased to 1. 7 million hits. Brisk ® now has a database of over 6,000 opt-in members, indispensable market research to compare and analyze. Brand affinity was strengthened through an engaging and personal method directed towards consumer identification. All within in a two months campaign. 3

How is Walmart effecting our economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How is Walmart effecting our economy - Essay Example Additionally, Wal-Mart has a tendency of providing a wide range of products for its consumers especially in the rural areas according to Hicks (2007). This is especially true of supercenters which sell products ranging from garments, cuisine, and hardware to optical services. The lower prices and the high accessibility to products in one area offers direct benefits to local consumers economically. The magnitude of the benefits varies with different regions depending on how the prices are low, and the distance the consumers have to travel in order to access the wide array of goods. The fact that Wal-Mart can trade its products at cheaper prices than other retailers provides an intense risk to the feasibility of other retailers near them. In most cases, the newly established retailers are forced to close or downsize their business when Wal-Mart opens a new branch in that region. This is because the number of their customers tends to decline as they shift to Wal-Mart. Other businesses providing products and services not offered by Wal-Mart tend to benefit due to the proximity with Wal-Mart which attracts many customers as suggested by Anderson (2011). These include businesses providing home furnishings and some foodstuff. Nevertheless, despite the positive effect, Wal-Mart as a whole has depressing impact on the operation of other local retail outlets. A typical Wal-Mart store employs around150 to 350 workers while a supercenter employs around500 employees. However, most of these workers are employed on part time basis. In evaluating the overall effects of Wal-Mart, the new jobs need to be balanced against jobs lost by the competing businesses. Moreover, with Wal-Mart’s extremely centralized supply-chain management, wholesalers and distributors at the local level are likely to experience breakdown on the demand of their services according to Renkow (2005). A good example of the general adjustments arising in the local job market as a

Buddhism Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Buddhism Reflection - Essay Example It is because of this evolution and varying schools of thought that causes confusion when it comes to better understanding the underlying factors connected with the quest of man to achieve self-salvation. To begin with, most of the schools of thought are united in the idea that there are 4 Noble Truths that can guide the way of life of a person who is hoping to achieve Nirvana or a Buddha like status of self-salvation. These four truths include (â€Å"Buddhas Four Noble Truths†) : Acknowledging the above mentioned truths of Buddha is the beginning of enlightenment of a person. Through meditation, self-examination, and self-reflection, one can discover at what point of life he is at in relation to the four truths and in the process, help him analyze how he might move forward from his current point of being. Only by growing as a person, through the achievement of the four truths can a person claim to have achieved self-salvation. Regardless of which school of thought you subscribe to in Buddhism, be it the India or Chinese based school of proselytyzing, the goal of each school is the same, personal salvation. A sense of salvation that comes from within a person who, through the altering of his way of life, has finally managed to free himself from the constraints of the material world in order to achieve a higher sense of intellectual and spiritual achievement. This particular sense of salvation can only be reached by the person once he accepts that our world is not permanent and hence, should not be clung to. This will then allow a person to clean his thoughts and actions in an effort to achieve a Zen like status in life. The Four Noble Truths that guide the path of a Buddhist is what also helps him decipher how he can improve himself in order to benefit others. Buddhism, in my opinion, once viewed from the point of view of a symbiotic, sentient relationship between human beings, leads us to

Ethical Question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ethical Question - Essay Example I would definitely report Fred Football to the dean. The dean could ten decide what to do. Personal circumstances should not play a role in this kind of ethical situation. Deontological ethics, developed in large part by the Prussian philosopher Immanuel Kant, is often considered to be non-consequential ethics. That means that people make value judgements based not on what they can get from the pursuit of that value or the benefit of it to themselves or others, but because it is simply inherently the right thing to do. I believe in this. The truth is that to end plagiarism students should have an incentive to put references in their work. A practice-based approach is often most effective in getting students to understand why they should cite their references and avoid co-opting others material as their own. Leading the students through step by step why plagiarism is wrong and not in their best interests and how it distorts the work of the academy is the best way to prevent it from happening in the first

Discuss the implications of your interpretation for social justice Essay

Discuss the implications of your interpretation for social justice - Essay Example This is a chart which tells the viewer that there is not much change in very poor demographics, and that poverty seems to be a cycle that keeps households in low incomes at levels of low opportunity to change incomes. Thinking of how this chart relates to social justice, one can think about various theoretical and practical measures that can develop to solve the problem of income disparity and of the poor remaining poor, domestically. There are many tactics to use, ranging from class-struggle theory to the more practical application of income variability advocacy and systemic delivery of access to equal education from private and public entities. Advocacy on the issue of equity within a universal and equalized educational system not based on property tax rates, could be developed to fight for social justice on a targeted and specific level by expanding the definition of the problem to focus on the people who are living in impoverished situations. Social justice advocacy could examine development based on accessibility, the cycle of poverty, and attention to the local level in examining the problems on a policy level as well It is important to approach the problem of poverty’s perpetuation directly rather indirectly, but effectively, by assaying investment trends and asking unanswered questions, following an estimation of where the money goes in terms of the populations who seem to need it most. Others describe the cycle of poverty more directly, not just in offhanded terms buried within a chart that is basically about making money, but as a direct study of impoverished areas that relies extensively on previous studies and seeks to establish demographic patterns. Although these two perspectives are basically talking about the same thing in terms of distance, the approach used by different methods of presentation is varied. Overall, however, those in low income areas have traditionally experienced difficulties in

International Marketing(2) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

International Marketing(2) - Essay Example The organization of EITC or Du mainly offered services such as fixed lines, mobile services, internet services, telephony as well as digital television services that enhanced its revenues and net income by US$ 2.77 billion and US$ 540 million in the year 2012. Moreover, due to the presentation of varied types of services, the brand image and reputation of the organization enhanced by a significant extent as compared to many other rival players (Du, 2014). Bargaining power of the customer: the bargaining power of the customers of Indian market is extremely high. This is mainly due to the presence of numerous rival players such as BSNL, MTNL, Vodafone, Airtel, Aircel etc. As a result, the organization of EITC or Du need to offer new services at a competitive rate so as attract the customers of Indian market towards the brand as compared to others (Grant, 2010, pp. 110-123). Bargaining power of the suppliers: the bargaining power of the suppliers is quite low. This is mainly because; the branded and reputed organizations always try to maintain an agreement with the popular suppliers so as to attain best services to its target customers. Therefore, in order to retain its position and reputation in the market, the suppliers had to obey the rules and regulations of the organizations (Grant, 2010, pp. 110-123). Competitive rivalry: the level of rivalry is extremely high in India. This is mainly due to the presence of many rival players such as Vodafone, BSNL, Airtel, Idea, Aircel etc. Other than this, each and every telecom service provider is trying to offer varied types of inventive services to its customers so as to enhance its dominance and market share as compared to others. Therefore, in order to maintain its position and ranking, the organization need to offer high concentration over product development strategy as compared to others. Threat of substitute products: the threat of substitute products is extremely high in the market

Ronald Reagan's Presidency Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ronald Reagan's Presidency - Research Paper Example He changed his political views from  liberal  to being a  conservative  spokesperson as a television host, touring the entire country (Reagan, Kiron, Annelise, and Martin 18). He  was elected  the Californian Governor by a one million-vote margin. He  was later re-elected  in 1970. In 1980, Ronald Reagan won the Presidential nomination for Republican and opted for  previous  Texas congressional representative and the current  ambassador  for United Nations George Bush, as his running mate. Troubled by the running inflation and the  incarceration  of Americans in Iran for a year, the Americans voted in the Republican in to the presidency by a whopping 489 votes to President Jimmy Carter’s 49. On 20 January 1981, Reagan  was sworn  into office. After just 69 days, he  was caught  by an assassin’s bullet; nevertheless, he recovered  fast  and returned to perform his duties. His popularity soared during the period of the tragic  inc idence  due to his  wit  and grace. During his tenure as the 40th president of the United States, Reagan accomplished many achievements that  will be remembered  forever in the American History books and the world at large. In 1988 during Reagan’s last year in office, the rate of inflation dropped to 4.4% as compared to 12.5% during Jimmy Carter’s last year in power in 1980. In addition, the rate of unemployment drastically dropped during Reagan’s administration from 7.5% to 5.4%, with the  rate  reaching highs of 10.8% and 10.4% in 1982 and 1983 respectively (Schaller 36). Reagan oversaw the implementation of policies based on the economics of supply-  side  and called for a free-market and liberal-classical philosophy. These policies aimed to reduce the  large  tax cuts across the various sectors of the economy. During his regime, Reagan was also for the idea of taking  back  the U.S. to the era of the gold standard. Reagan’s

Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 2 Statistical Assessment Term Paper

Coyne and Messina Articles, Part 2 Statistical Assessment - Term Paper Example This variable is not expressed with numbers that have a true zero. Instead, a Likert-type, five-point scale for measuring patient satisfaction is used (1 stands for very poor, 2, poor, 3 fair, 4, good and 5, very good). The data obtained is subsequently converted to a scale that ranges from 0 to 100. The 1-5scores are averaged, with 0 being equated to the low end (very poor) and 100, the high end (very good). The independent variables are inpatient admissions in nonteaching and teaching hospitals. The statistic chosen is multivariate. The statistical significance is set as r= -.28, p= .0.08, when discussing the relationship between patient satisfaction and patient admission in a combined sample. This intimates a direct correlation between patient satisfaction and lower volumes of inpatient admissions. When it comes to admission in teaching hospitals, patient satisfaction is stated as standing at 25.76, and the z-statistic is used. In the use of the z-statistic, z=-4.1, p This statistical significance also takes care of the degree of error. The degree of error may emanate from the fact that the 14 hospitals that had been designated as the research sample may have been hailing from distraught socioeconomic environments, and therefore, a good fraction of the patients might have been too grumpy to lighten up because of the physicians’ prowess, personal touch and dexterity. In this case, it is therefore safe to say with Messina, Scott, Ganey, Zipp and Mathis (2009) that there is a direct relationship between inpatient admissions and patient satisfaction in both teaching and nonteaching hospitals. Thus, because the statistical significance is very strong, the hypothesis of the study has been verified and found to be true. In statistical

Creons Downfall Essay Example for Free

Creons Downfall Essay It is clear that Creon’s tragic flaw was his pride, arrogance and beliefs of a leader that cause his downfall. His downfall began when he denied the burial of Polyneices and was firm when he condemned Antigone for her objection to his law. Creon represents the laws of the land and the divine ruler of society. He remains loyal in upholding his laws and trying to overpower the laws of the gods, until the end when he realizes that the divine laws are stronger than his own. His regards for the laws of the city cause him to abandon all other beliefs. He feels that all should obey the rules set forth by him, even if other beliefs, moral or religious, state otherwise. This is proven when he says, â€Å"As long as I am King, no traitor is going to be honored with the loyal man. But whoever shows by word and deed that he is on the side of the State-he shall have my respect while he is living and my reverence when he is dead† (pp. 40) This proves that no one should disobey his rules even if the people that he rules for thinks his morals are wrong. But no one wants to speak out or stand up to Creon because they all fear him and afraid to loose their life going against his words. Creon showed his stubbornness by not wanting to be proved wrong because of pride. He did not want to listen to the people of Thebes who tried to tell him that Antigone did the right thing, but for fear of him, they could not really say anything. Creon thought by making an example of Antigone’s execution, everybody would get scared and won’t try to break his laws. He abused his power by thinking that he can change or break the laws of the god’s and not allowing other people to break his laws. He did not want to burry Polyneices’ body, but one of the god’s law was that every human deserves to be buried after death not depending on what that certain person did in his lifetime. Creon caused fear among his people by making a public announcement that nobody is allowed to burry Polyneices. He said that the state of Thebes consists of only him, and that there are no other laws than his. The major actions that Creon took to cause the downfall of Thebes are that he did not want to burry Polyneices nor did allow any body to do it. He broke the burial law of the god’s and punished Antigone for following their laws. The people of Thebes knew that Creon made a mistake but still were too afraid to speak up. Antigone thought that she should get honored for that what she did, but Creon did not think that way. Conclusion The downfall of Thebes was caused by Creon’s stubbornness and abuse of power. He thought by being King he can do whatever he pleases and have everything going his way. Creon’s role as a King made him believe that he has the right to brake the laws of god’s and makeup his own. He caused the corruption of Thebes by trying to measure his powers with the powers of the god’s which Teiresias foreshadowed that it won’t have a good ending. References Antigone: Creon’s Flaws. Dec 2004.

The Effect Of Motivation For Adult Learners English Language Essay

The Effect Of Motivation For Adult Learners English Language Essay This assignment investigates the effect that motivation brings to L2 adult learners and the development of motivational theories in L2 learning, which has received considerable attention recently. Dornyei (2001) highlighted the progressing importance in the motivational field studies and mentioned that the study of L2 motivation reached an unprecedented boom in the 1990s, with over 100 journal articles published on the topic. Motivation is a highly complex term, widely used not only in everyday life but also in many areas of social sciences, for example in various branches of psychology, in educational studies and in applied linguistics. It is intended to explain nothing less than the reasons for human behaviour. That causes and influences an action or the reason for doing something, in other words, motivation is taken as a key factor in L2 learning. According to Vanessen and Menting, Motivation refers to some internal state or attitudes of the learner and not to what brings it about. A language learner may be strongly or weakly motivated; that is to say, he may want to learn the language very much or not very much. In addition, Dornyei and Skehan offered the more precise definition about motivation and divided it into three parts: Motivation concerns (i) the choice of a particular action, (ii) the persistence with it, and (iii) the effort expended on it. In broad terms, motivation is responsible for why people decide to do something, how long they are willing to sustain the activity, and how hard they are going to pursue it. (2003:614) The purpose of this essay is to discuss that language learning motivation plays an essential role in both research and teaching; however, it used to be regard as a dynamic emotional or mental trait, also in the more recent research, learning motivation has been taken as fluctuating during the learning process. Nevertheless, the argument has not been well demonstrated in Asia. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate whether and how English learning motivation changed of adult L2 learning process in Taiwan. Given these premises, the paper is divided into three sections. The first section, I will analysis the different theories of motivation, such as Gardners Integrative Motivation with Instrumental Motivation, Dornyeis L2 Motivational Self System and Process Model of L2 Motivation those concerns with the main development of motivational theories. The second section, I will briefly explore the factors that make adult learners change their motivation on L2 learning. The third section, I will provide some effective suggestions and possible solutions to arouse adult learners learning motivation for classroom practice. The Development of Motivational Theories Dornyei defines the notion of motivation that The direction and magnitude of human behaviour, that is, the choice of a particular action, the persistence with it and the effort expended on it (2001:5). Gardner (1985) contributed to explain the distinction in motivation between integrative and instrumental has been significant in studies of motivation. Gardner (1985) saw L2 learners goals as being integrative or instrumental motivated. By practicing the advanced research that developed by Gardner and his associated colleagues in Canada. They analyzed the integrative motivation and instrumental motivation as the branches of social-psychology in the following: Integrative dimension The notion of integrative motivation was introduced into L2 studies by Gardner and Lambert (1959, 1972) in an attempt to explain variation in L2 motivation in multicultural environments. It is firmly based on the personality of the learner, and they suggest that the people who have stuck positively to resemble the foreign peoples concerned, to understand the culture, and to be able to participate in it from Skehan (1989). An integrative orientation involves an interest in learning an L2 because of a sincere and personal interest in the people and culture represented by the other language group (Lambert, 1974:98). Dornyei, Csizer and Nemeth (2006) defined that the most specific concept of the integrative dimension has been explained by Gardners (1985) theory of integrative motivation, there are three integrative components: Integrative Orientation, Integrativeness and Integrative Motivation/ Motive. Figure 1.1 shows a schematic representation of the construct. According to this following Figure 1.1, the integrative components participate in three levels of abstraction. Integrative Orientation directly feeds into integrativeness, which has effects on one of the three main elements of integrative motivation. Moreover, Gardner defines that orientations involve the hidden reasons of learning an L2; in a more precise way, they represent ultimate goals for achieving the more immediate goal of learning the second language (1985:11). He clarified that integrative orientation is not only stresses an emotional involvement with the other community but also reflect a positive non-ethnocentric approach to the other community (Gardner, 1985:133-134). Gardner (1985) illustrated the meaning of Integrativeness by using the Figure 1.1, which presents that it is a combination as made up of following variables: integration orientation, interest in foreign languages and attitudes towards L2 community. Back to Gardners explanation of integrative motivation: reflects a genuine interest in learning the second language in order to come closer to the other language community. At one level, this implies an openness to, and respect for other cultural groups and ways of life. In the extreme, this might involve complete identification with the community (and possibly even withdrawal from ones original group), but more commonly it might well involve integration within both community. (2001:5) The integrative motive is constructed by the attitudinal, goal-directed and motivational variables. From Figure 1.1, it generalizes integrativeness, attitudes towards the learning situation (evaluation of the L2 teacher and L2 course) and motivation. Furthermore, motivation here is defined as (1) desire to learn the L2, (2) motivational intensity (effort), (3) attitudes toward learning the L2. As for integrative motivation, Gardner and Lambert (1959) investigated English speaking high school students studying French in Montreal. In this context those students with an integrative motivation were more successful in their language learning than those with instrumental motivation. Young children might have simple goals in L2 learning. They may want to know more about the foreign country and may wish to experience their culture, so that is the reason why they learn an L2. Attitudes Toward L2 Community Interest in Foreign Languages Integrative Orientation Desire to Learn the L2 MOTIVATION INTEGRATIVENESS Evaluation of the L2 Course Evaluation of the L2 Teacher Attitudes Toward Learning the L2 Motivational Intensity (Effort) ATTITUDES TOWARD THE LEARNING SITUATION Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of Gardners integrative motive (based on Gardner, 1985) Instrumental dimension In L2 motivational research, instrumental motivation has been highly discussed and compared with integrative motivation. Vanessen and Menting gave a brief overview of instrumental motivation: The instrumentally motivated learner requires the language as a means to some other end, whereas for the integrative learner the language and all that it brings by way of culture is an end in itself. (1975:76) This type of motivation is on the basis of the advantages which will bring with L2 learning. For example, for better professional achievement, for a better job or a higher salary as a consequence of mastering an L2 as Dornyei, Csizer and Nemeth (2006) pointed out. However, in Gardners opinion (1985), he categorized instrumentality as a type of orientation rather than motivation, that is, a goal for L2 learning. From Gardner and Lamberts (1972) example to illustrate the instrumental motivation, they conducted the research in the Philippines, English, has definitely great instrumental value, as an international language adopted there for business purposes. People have vital needs to master it, so high school pupils with instrumental motivation were highly encouraged. Comparisons between Integration Motivation and Instrumental Motivation Although Gardner (1985) has continued to put emphasis on integrative motivation, the studies showed that instrumental motivation can also lead to successful learning. However, there is a doubt on the statement of finding a positive relationship between integrative motivation and L2 achievement. Oller, Baca and Vigil (1977) provided an example that Mexican women in California who rated Anglo people negatively were more successful in learning English than those who rated them positively. Hence, they conclude the result that sometimes learners may be motivated by negative attitudes toward the target language community. Gardner and Lambert (1972) mentioned that both types of motivation frequently co-exist in the same learner, but it should be admitted that it is hard to classify one thought to either one motivation and decide which one is which one. Lantolf and Genugn (2002) presented a case study of a doctoral students Chinese learning experience of an intensive summer course as describing the dynamically changing of motivation. This learner was taking Chinese learning as part of her PhD studies. At first, the learner began with the goal of developing communicative ability in Chinese but because of strictness of the instructor, the learner abandoned her goal, replacing it with passing the requirement of the PhD program. This showed the shift of motivation changed on L2 learning. The L2 Motivational Self System In more recent studies, Dornyei (2005) proposed a new theoretical approach to understand L2 motivation, that is, L2 Motivational Self System. It attempts to combine findings of self search in psychology with a number of essential theoretical L2 constructs together. The central theme of the L2 motivation self system has been interpreted as integrativeness/ integrative motivation with the Ideal L2 Self (Dornyei, Csizer and Nemeth, 2006). Nevertheless, Ideal L2 Self refers to all the characteristics that a person would like to maintain. (e.g. hopes, aspirations, desires). Dornyei (2005) has highlight the significant of The L2 Motivational Self System that it broads the frame of the traditional conception of L2 motivation. The Ideal L2 Self is a powerful motivation to learn the particular language; therefore, learners would like to reduce the contradiction between their actual and ideal selves. Process Model of L2 Motivation Pre-actional Stage Actional Stage Post-Actional Stage Motivational Retrospection Motivational Functions: Forming casual attributions Elaborating standards and strategies Dismissing intention and further planning Main Motivational Influences: Attributional factors (e.g. attributional styles and biases) Self-Concept beliefs (e.g. self-confidence and self-worth) Received Feedback, praise, grades. Executive Motivation Motivational Functions: Generating and carrying out sub-tasks Ongoing appraisal Action Control Main Motivational Influences: Quality of the learning experience (pleasantness, need significance, coping potential, self-and social image) Sense of autonomy Teachers and parents influence Classroom reward-and -goal-structure (e.g. competitive or cooperative) Influence of the learner group. Knowledge and use of self-regulatory strategies (e.g. goal-setting, learning and self-motivating strategies). Choice Motivation Motivational Functions: Setting goals Forming Intentions Launching Action Main Motivational Influences: Various goal properties (e.g. goal relevance, specificity and proximity) Values associated with the learning process itself, as well as with its outcomes and consequences. Attitudes toward the L2 and its speakers Expectancy of success and perceived coping potential Learning beliefs and strategies Environmental support or hindrance. Figure 1.2 A process model of learning motivation in the L2 classroom (based on Dornyei and Skehan 2003:619) Dornyei and Otto (1998) proposed a process model of L2 motivation. This is dynamic time-related process model, incorporating three stages, the first as we prepare to engage in an action, associated with the pre-actional phase; the second actually getting engage into the action and after the event, the final stage involves the learners final analysis of the actional process when it is completed, as explained as Figure 1.2. illustrating three stages processing in language activities and the factors affect L2 learners set motivation during the learning process. In addition, this dynamic process model of L2 motivation uses time to organize the relevant motivational influences into various stages and also affects students language learning behaviour in classroom settings. Discussion: What factors make Taiwanese learners change their motivation on L2 learning? Motivation has been taken as an understanding of a complex mental process. Ellis (1994:524) pointed out that researchers have investigated the operational system about motivational construction and nearly all of the theories are rooted by the conscious brain working; however, human beings make decisions may in a conscious or unconscious situation, but nowadays the technology has not had the effectiveness to search for answers of motivational decisions making from which parts of the brains and the relationship between consciousness and unconsciousness. Nevertheless, as Gardner (1985) explained that for some people a wish to integrate, in some sense, with the speech community of the language being learnt seemed to be more strongly associated with success, while for others a wish to capitalize on the usefulness of knowing a language within the learners own culture was more effective. This was the distinction made famous by him and his colleagues (Gardner 1985) between integrative and in strumental orientations. Although it is difficult to distinguish from the conscious or unconscious decision making, there is now a colourful mix of approaches to the understanding of L2 motivation for adult L2 learners on language learning. Age is one of the factors that make adult learners change their motivation on L2 learning. Ellis (1994:523) stated that children generally enjoy the advantage over adult in L2 learning because of their age, but adult may learn faster than children during a short term learning. Moreover, adult learners often have already set up goals for the reason why they want to learn an L2, and instrumental motivation always overweighs integrative motivation on L2 learning. As we can see from Dornyei and Skehans (2003) L2 motivational learning process model (Figure 1.2), learners are affected by the environment very much during the Pre-Actional Process and Actional Process. Kharma (1974) also argued that motivating factors may vary so widely from one community to another that what applies to one situation may not apply at all to another. For adult learners, the age factor should also be taken into consideration in L2 teaching. He straight highlighted the significance that the age at which the student begins to learn the foreign language and the impact of the maturational stages on the continuation of the foreign language course at school have great influence on motivation set up. Most of the adult learners decide to learn an L2 may because of instrumental motivation. Furthermore, the other influence factors of adult L2 learners motivation changed are the students linguistic and cultural background and the status of the mother tongue; the teachers attitu de to the teaching profession in general and to foreign language teaching in particular, the relationship between teacher and student, and the schools attitude to the language may play an enhancement of motivation. Implications for Taiwanese Adult Learners on Second Language Learning Since most of the adult learners are eager to learn an L2 because of the reasons for better job or higher salary and so on, but for the rest of the adult learners may still want to explore the foreign culture or be interested in achievement on L2 learning. No matter for what motivation, the adult learners should be encouraged by teachers on L2 learning. The recent motivational research has focused on more classroom learning than the early work of Gardner and associates in Canada. Dornyei and Csizer (1998:215) listed ten commandments for good teachers who motivate their learners in classroom practice. Set a personal example with your own behaviour. Create a pleasant relaxed atmosphere. Present tasks properly. Develop a good relationship with the learners. Increase the learners linguistic self-confidence. Make the language classes interesting. Promote learner autonomy. Personalise the learning process. Increase the learners goal-orientedness. Familiarise learners with target language culture. Kharma (1974) stated that the foreign language teacher is unquestionably the most important element of all. For being a foreign language teacher should have great attitude towards arousing learners motivation in learning an L2, and always be ready for the situation of competence. In this way, the learners may be affected positively by the teachers more and more, therefore, the learning efficiency and learning motivation can be much more stable. In addition, Ellis (1994:516-17) reported that language teachers tended to lead to increased motivation, thereby, to increased productivity. He believes that good language teachers may link L2 learners with the real world and lift up their persistence and effort in language learning. 5. Conclusion The study of L2 motivation reached a great turning point in 1990s, and an increasing number of researchers investigate the underlying theories or discover the new models of theoretical approaches to explain the complex mental process on Second Language Learning. The development of motivation theories as I mentioned above which all have close relationship between each other, and explain the construction of learners motivational setting. Motivation is a dynamic perspective and so called an educational shift that Ellis (1994) named. Due to the complexity of motivation, language teachers may have great responsibility on enhancing the link between language learning and motivation maintaining. In Taiwan, most of the adult learners who decide to learn an L2 because of requirement of the professional qualifications. However, sometimes they may have both integrative motivation and instrumental motivation co-exist. The Ideal L2 Self also helps adult learners pay more attention on L2 learning in order to achieve the goals for themselves; therefore, the language teachers once understand the process of motivation setting, the efficiency of learning can be promoted better as well. word count: 3091

Letter To Board :: essays research papers

I would like to commend the apparent effort of the Pulaski County Board of Education in their developing the new Drug/Alcohol Screening Program now in effect in both local high schools. I am grateful to see that some advance has been made to valorize the education process in our community. However, I am discouraged to see that the main focus of this program is centered around some of the most valued students in our schools. It is to my knowledge that this program is designed to screen students involved in extracurricular activities, including sports, and student drivers. Although I do believe that there is some sort of drug use within these groups, I do not feel that this is the epicenter of the school system’s problems. Most drug use and/or drug trafficking, I have heard of and/or witnessed has not come from any of the groups listed in your policy. I believe it makes sense that some athletes use performance enhancing drugs and/or alcohol, as do some student drivers and club participants, but I do not feel that this is the area of greatest concern to you. As I am aware of, drugs and alcohol cause a condition called demotivational syndrome, which is evident in frequent drug users. This syndrome causes a lack of motivation, followed by a decline in academic performance, followed by an ultimate decline in personal well being. Student athletes for example, are expected to maintain a rigorous practice schedule, as well as a certain grade point average, which is inconsistent with the symptoms and effects of demotivational syndrome. I believe that the greatest amount of victims of drugs and demotivational syndrome are not located in athletic or school programs, but inside the school itself. No drug user I k now of and may have been familiar with is involved with sports or extracurricular activities, nor would they choose to be. It is to my knowledge that no less than 10% of student participants in these activities will be randomly screened at any time. But, if the main drug use in schools isn’t in the activities department, but in the school itself, why couldn’t 10% of the total student body be screened? It appears to not only me but other members of the student body, that the school board tests members of athletic departments and certain extracurricular activities because they are concerned about the public image of our school system.

The Actions of Cocaine in the Brain Essay -- Drugs Addiction Addicted

The Actions of Cocaine in the Brain Cocaine’s mode of action has been shown to involve the dopamine receptors. This paper will discuss how cocaine affects dopamine receptors, the mode of addiction, how cocaine affects the frontal brain metabolic activities, as well as the role of excitatory amino acids in cocaine’s mechanism. I will also discuss how cocaine affects another system through its mechanism on the brain—the renin angiotensin system. Cocaine influences dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmission by inhibiting their reuptake. Pimozide, alpha-flupenthixol, perphenazine and chlorpromazine, all dopamine antagonists, were used to pre-treat rats in an attempt to demonstrate the reinforcing effects of dopamine. Because rats demonstrated a reduced rate of self-administration during extinction as well as after pre-treatment with antagonists, it is conceivable that dopamine receptors are involved in the reinforcing effects of cocaine (Hubner & Moreton, 1991). Two dopamine receptors, B1 and B2, are believed to be involved in these rewarding effects of cocaine. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine intravenously on a fixed-ratio (FR) 5 schedule of reinforcement. When these rats were pretreated with SCH23390, a D1 antagonist, and spiperone, a D2 antagonist, their response rates varied. At doses up to l0ug/kg, the rats exhibited an increased response rate; whereas at doses higher than this, the rats showed a decrease in their response rate. A similar decrease in response rate was produced when central dopamine containing neurons were destroyed with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxy-dopamine (Hubner &Moreton, 1991). The mode of action of the D1 receptor subtype is on adenylate cyclase. Upon activation, it s... ... 1. Dackis, C. A., and Gold, M. S. Neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with cocaine use. Psychiatric Medicine, 1987, 3: 469-477. 2. Hubner, C. and Moreton, J. Effects of selective D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists on cocaine self-administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 1991, 105: 151-156. 3. Karler, R. et. al. Excitatory amino acids and the actions of cocaine. Brain Research, 1992, 143-146. 4. Nestler E. Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Addiction. The Journal of Neuroscience, July 1992, 12(7): 2439-2450. 5. Rodriguez-Sanchez, M. et. al. Effect of Prenatal and Postnatal Cocaine Exposure on Somatostatin Content and Binding in Frontoparietal Cortex and Hippocampus of Developing Rat Pups. Peptides, 1991, l2: 951-956. 6.Volkow, N. et al. Long-Term Frontal Brain Metabolic Changes in Cocaine Abusers. Synapse,1997, 11:184-190 The Actions of Cocaine in the Brain Essay -- Drugs Addiction Addicted The Actions of Cocaine in the Brain Cocaine’s mode of action has been shown to involve the dopamine receptors. This paper will discuss how cocaine affects dopamine receptors, the mode of addiction, how cocaine affects the frontal brain metabolic activities, as well as the role of excitatory amino acids in cocaine’s mechanism. I will also discuss how cocaine affects another system through its mechanism on the brain—the renin angiotensin system. Cocaine influences dopamine, norepinephrine and serotonin neurotransmission by inhibiting their reuptake. Pimozide, alpha-flupenthixol, perphenazine and chlorpromazine, all dopamine antagonists, were used to pre-treat rats in an attempt to demonstrate the reinforcing effects of dopamine. Because rats demonstrated a reduced rate of self-administration during extinction as well as after pre-treatment with antagonists, it is conceivable that dopamine receptors are involved in the reinforcing effects of cocaine (Hubner & Moreton, 1991). Two dopamine receptors, B1 and B2, are believed to be involved in these rewarding effects of cocaine. Rats were trained to self-administer cocaine intravenously on a fixed-ratio (FR) 5 schedule of reinforcement. When these rats were pretreated with SCH23390, a D1 antagonist, and spiperone, a D2 antagonist, their response rates varied. At doses up to l0ug/kg, the rats exhibited an increased response rate; whereas at doses higher than this, the rats showed a decrease in their response rate. A similar decrease in response rate was produced when central dopamine containing neurons were destroyed with the neurotoxin, 6-hydroxy-dopamine (Hubner &Moreton, 1991). The mode of action of the D1 receptor subtype is on adenylate cyclase. Upon activation, it s... ... 1. Dackis, C. A., and Gold, M. S. Neurotransmitter and neuroendocrine abnormalities associated with cocaine use. Psychiatric Medicine, 1987, 3: 469-477. 2. Hubner, C. and Moreton, J. Effects of selective D1 and D2 dopamine antagonists on cocaine self-administration in the rat. Psychopharmacology, 1991, 105: 151-156. 3. Karler, R. et. al. Excitatory amino acids and the actions of cocaine. Brain Research, 1992, 143-146. 4. Nestler E. Molecular Mechanisms of Drug Addiction. The Journal of Neuroscience, July 1992, 12(7): 2439-2450. 5. Rodriguez-Sanchez, M. et. al. Effect of Prenatal and Postnatal Cocaine Exposure on Somatostatin Content and Binding in Frontoparietal Cortex and Hippocampus of Developing Rat Pups. Peptides, 1991, l2: 951-956. 6.Volkow, N. et al. Long-Term Frontal Brain Metabolic Changes in Cocaine Abusers. Synapse,1997, 11:184-190

Essays --

Nazia Riaz Mr. Ian Wendt Muslim World December 13, 2013 Final Paper Beginning more than 1400 years ago, Islam has spread from the small trading town of Makkah on the Arabian Peninsula and became a world religion practiced on every continent. Like other world religions. Islam has been spreading ever since its origin. Both through migration of Muslims to new places and by individuals who have accepted Islam as their religion having chosen to convert from other religions. During the first century after Muhammad began preaching, there was rapid expansion of the territory under Muslim rule. The Muslims took over as a result of military campaigns. This territory did not instantly become Islamic, meaning that most people rapidly became Muslims. Rather the spread of Islam among the population took centuries even in the regions conquered in the seventh century. In this era Islamic faith and civilization encompassed extensive new areas of Eurasia and Africa. The continuing spread of Islam was closely connected to the migrations of conquerors and herding folk and to the growth of Muslim commercial enterprise all across the hemisphere. By about 1400 CE Muslim societies spanned the central two thirds of Afro-Eurasia. New Muslim states and towns were appearing in West Africa, the East African coast, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia. Consequently Muslim merchants, scholars, and a host of long-distance travelers were the principal mediators in the interreg ional exchange of goods, ideas, and technical innovations. Makkah was a huge trading center which really contributed to the spread of Islam. Merchants liked trading with Muslims. Religiously Muslims couldn’t add interest on anything which buyers really liked. Merchants dealing with Musl... ... to new areas. On the other hand, the Ottoman Empire in southeastern Europe or the Sultanate of Delhi and the later Mogul empire of India had success in spreading Islam. They did gain territory. Non Muslim populations seem to have viewed these powerful tax-gathering Muslim rulers negatively, and so they resisted conversion to Islam. Whoever did embrace Islam in such circumstances if not for material gain, they usually did so because of the efforts of merchants, teachers, and traveling Sufi preachers who were not part of the government. Through 600 to 1000 CE the Islamic world had expanded beyond its original territories through war, trade and cultural diffusion. As it interacted and expanded across Africa, Asia, the Mediterranean, and the Byzantine Empire the Islamic world spread the influence of its culture and religion, turning Islam into a great world religion.

Comparison between Thutmose III and Napoleon I

James Henry Breasted, an American archaeologist and historian, described Thutmose III as â€Å"the Napoleon of Egypt†. [1] Today this association of the Egyptian Pharaoh to Napoleon I, ‘Emperor of the French’, persists among modern archaeologists and historians. The purpose of this essay is to evaluate this comparison, and to conclude to what extent it is accurate. Thutmose III was an Egyptian Pharaoh and the sixth ruler of the Eighteenth Dynasty, whose reign lasted for fifty-four years between 1479 to 1425 BCE. Following his father’s death in 1479 BCE, however, at ten years old Thutmose III was considered too young to succeed to the throne. As a result, his father’s widow, Queen Hatshepsut acted as his co-regent. For the next twenty-two years, though, she effectively ruled Egypt individually, even assuming the formal titulary of kingship. It was only after Queen Hatshepsut’s death in 1457 BCE that Thutmose III was able to rule as Pharaoh. By this time Thutmose III was already an experienced military commander. He had been trained as a soldier since he was a teenager and had apparently flourished in the role, appointed to lead Hatshepsut’s army in the six years previous to her death. During this time Thutmose III fought a major campaign in Nubia, and perhaps another, for which there is only tentative evidence, in addition to liberating Gaza from the rebels. As a result, he developed strong ties to the Egyptian army whilst acquiring experience in military organisation, strategy, tactics and logistics, as well as generalship. These qualities were demonstrated in Thutmose III’s first major campaign as pharaoh, in which the Canaanites, led by Durusha, the king of Kadesh, had decided to revolt in an attempt to free themselves of Egyptian influence after the death of Queen Hatshepsut. The battle commenced near Megiddo, which is now in Israel, as Thutmose III led an army of about ten-thousand men on a rapid march. Executing tactics and strategy which, while dangerous, were superior, he forced the Canaanites to scatter and flee into to the city. The Egyptians then besieged the city, which fell after another seven months. This absolute victory at the Battle of Megiddo is also the first known battle with precisely detailed events, as a part of the Annals, a listing of the seventeen campaigns led by Thutmose III as recorded on the walls of the temple to Amun at Karnak. If we examine and analyse the full text, two-hundred and twenty-three lines long (making it the longest, and possibly the most important, archaeological source in Egyptian history [2]) with an allowance for egotism it is largely reliable, and therefore useful. It illustrates that this first major campaign only marked the beginning of a long period of Egyptian expansion under a determined and relentless Thutmose III, who was obviously a successful military general. In subsequent campaigns he advanced north, steadily up the coast of Lebanon, capturing secure harbours, as well as safe transport and supply routes for Egypt’s army through the sea. By his sixth campaign, Thutmose III had also captured most of the inland cities, including Kadesh. 3] It was not until his eighth campaign, however, that Thutmose III asserted true dominance in the region, as he crossed the Euphrates River and defeated the Mitanni forces in Naharin, who posed a serious threat. Thutmose III’s subsequent campaigns were merely showings of force to ensure the continued loyalty and payment of tribute of almost three-hundred and fifty cities. With his gradual advance along a strategically well-planned route, and his careful, methodical preparation over a numbe r of years, Thutmose III had conquered much of the Near East, from the Euphrates River to Nubia. As a result, he had also created the New Kingdom Egyptian Empire, and established himself as the nation’s greatest warrior Pharaoh. The empire itself, also perhaps the first great empire in the ancient world, [4] then, consisted of cities and states held in positions of tributary allegiance, such as Nubia, but it also included those within its wider influence. This is demonstrated by the tremendous wealth that flowed into Egypt, not only from defeated enemies but also from those who feared Thutmose III’s power even though they had not come into conflict with it, including the Hittites, Cypriots and Babylonians, and even the Minoans of Crete. This ill-defined and loosely knit empire survived intact through the reigns of the next three Eighteenth Dynasty Pharaohs, its existence owed exclusively to Thutmose III. [5] It is due to his remarkable military activity record, filled with more battles over a longer period and more victories than any other general in the ancient world, [6] in addition to his short stature, that archaeologists refer to Thutmose III as â€Å"the Napoleon of Egypt†. However, although Grafton Smith, an Australian anatomist, had stated the height of Thutmose III’s mummy to be 1. 65 metres in his examination of the mummy following its iscovery in 1881, [7] he did not account for its missing feet when taking the measurements. A more recent examination revealed Thutmose III’s height to be 1. 71 metres, which was taller than the average Egyptian of his day and all of the pharaohs of the Eighteenth Dynasty except Amenhotep I. [8] Interestingly, such confusion also exists in Napoleon Bonap arte’s depiction as someone much smaller than average height, due to a miscalculation. According to his French doctor, Francesco Antommarchi, who performed the autopsy, Napoleon Bonaparte was 5 feet and 2 inches tall. However, the French pouce, whilst the equivalent to the British inch, are equal to 2. 71 and 2. 54 cm respectively, which means he was, in fact, 5 feet and 6 inches tall. This miscalculation has seen historians now describe Napoleon Bonaparte as someone of average height of the period, and as a result, he cannot compare to Thutmose III, who is now recognised as someone taller than the average height of his time, in addition to a genius in the operational art of war, and a great military commander. 9] Napoleon I was a military and political leader of France and later Emperor of the French, between 1804 and 1814 CE, and again during the Hundred Days period in 1815 CE. During the Napoleonic Wars, which involved every major European power, he led the French Empire to a streak of victories. As a result, its power rose quickly, and Napoleon I conquered most of Europe. This sphere of influence was maintained through the formation of extensive alliances and the appointment of friends and fam ily members to rule other European countries as French client states. At its most extensive, the French Empire had forty-four million inhabitants, and its subject states thirty-eight million, [10] and not since Charlemagne had a politically united Europe seemed as close as it did under Napoleon I. [11] However, it would prove to be Napoleon I’s attempt to unite the continent by armed might that would lead to his fall. Unlike Thutmose III, who appears to have been a compassionate man despite his military ferocity, with no records of massacres or atrocities among his seventeen listed campaigns in the Annals, Napoleon I is considered by many historians, including Pieter Geyl and David G. Chandler, to be a tyrant. His authorisation of the use of sulphur gas against the rebel slaves in the Haitian Revolution, as well as his decision to reinstate slavery in France’s overseas territories eight years after its abolition in 1794 CE, during the French Revolution, always controversial to his reputation, [12] certainly support the suggestion that when faced with the prospect of war, and therefore, the death of thousands, Napoleon I was not significantly troubled by the idea. (In fact, historians have estimated the death toll from the Napoleonic Wars as a figure between three and seven million. This view was certainly shared between his opponents, who continually formed Coalitions in opposition to the French Empire. The administrative and legal reforms of the Revolution which Napoleon I had carried to the rest of Europe could not be separated from the ideas of Nationalism and Liberalism that had given those reforms substance, [13] and as a result, nations within the Fre nch Empire adopted these ideas, as well as many of the military and administrative reforms that had made France so powerful. This eventually led to the formation of the Seventh Coalition, which defeated Napoleon I after his temporary revival of the French Empire in 1815 CE, which had fallen with his abdication a year earlier. Consequently France, in which the Bourbon monarchy was restored, no longer held the role of the dominant power in Europe, as it had since the times of Louis XIV. In addition, unlike Napoleon I, Thutmose III did not inherit a strong nation or experienced army, but a defeated and insular society. 14] Whilst the ‘Emperor of the French’ received massed forces, weaponry and mobility (which would later be defined as the characteristics of Napoleonic warfare) due to the innovations of the French Revolution, including mass conscription, the Egyptian Pharaoh was forced to completely reform his army. He would establish a conscript base, create a professional officer corps and equip it with modern weapons, as well as integrate chariots into new tactual doctrines. Additionally, he would also create the first combat navy in the ancient world. Perhaps it is fitting, then, that the description of Thutmose III as â€Å"the Napoleon of Egypt† should be reconsidered. Whilst Napoleon I’s First French Empire would a last combined ten years and result in an immediate loss of status France, Thutmose III’s New Kingdom Egyptian Empire was a great nation of imperial dimensions that ruled the entire world that an Egyptian would have considered knowing for more than five hundred years. 15] In addition, Thutmose III managed to architect and establish such an Empire without inheriting the calibre of resources that Napoleon I had access to. Therefore, it is obvious that Thutmose III’s military achievements were, to use the words of English military historian B. H. Liddell Hart, â€Å"greater than Napoleon†. [16] Similarly, in the opinion of another military historian in the Canadian Richard A. Gabriel, Thutmose III was not â⠂¬Å"the Napoleon of Egypt† but â€Å"Egypt’s Alexander the Great†, [17] arguably the most successful military commander in history. Furthermore, whilst both Thutmose III and Napoleon I were believed to be men of short stature by James Henry Breasted, which inclined him to make the comparison as opposed to one with another esteemed military commander, historians have now recognised that these assumptions are incorrect. The Egyptian Pharaoh, after a more recent examination, is now recognised as someone taller than the average height of his time, while the ‘Emperor of the French’ is now described as someone of average height of the period, following the discovery of a miscalculation which had deprived him of four inches. In addition, it seems that to alike the two men in character, let alone build, would be incorrect, due to their apparent differences in temperament. As a result, whilst there is a persisting description of Thutmose III as â€Å"the Napoleon of Egypt† among archaeologists, when he is compared to the ‘Emperor of the French’ it is obvious that such an image should be abandoned. Although a determination to pursue to imperialist ambitions is synonymous, the extent to which each was successful in their attempt to establish and maintain their empires differ. Thutmose III’s remarkable record of military activity, in fact, overshadows that of Napoleon I, whose empire wound only last a combined ten years and result in an immediate loss of status France, as opposed to the New Kingdom Egyptian Empire, which would last five hundred years.

Manga vs American Comics

In the world today, due to the ease of distribution and commerce, we see much diversity of products all over the place. A high competitors in this are comics, the American comic battling the Japanese comic (manga). There is a big difference in art styles between Manga, which is more exaggerated and American comics, which tend to be more â€Å"realistic†. There are also quite a few serious differences between the two types of comics. Some of the differences, just to mention a few of them are the cost, creation, diverse audience and genres, presentation and even size. Many continue reading the American comics because it is traditional, eye catching, and they like heroes. However more are turning to manga instead for it appeals to their everyday lifestyles, it’s simple, and there is a lot more content. Manga will be more prominent than American comics without a doubt. The creation of Manga and its layout is quite different than American Comics. Manga is printed in black and white format while American comics are for the most part in full color. Also, when you look at a graphic novel or Manga you will notice there is a great difference in the size. Manga is frequently smaller than traditional American comic books, usually digest-size and roughly half or less the size of American comics. Where the American comics are generally thin like a small magazine, Manga is thick and with many more pages. This not only makes it more comfortable for the reader it also provides more content keeping their attention longer. In page count, Manga is quite similar to graphic novels, which are often just collections of the ongoing American comics. But unlike American graphic novels, which are usually just a collection of monthly comics in a single unified story or story arc, Manga books are often apart of an even bigger story and a complete Manga storyline can run thousands of pages. Another difference between traditional American comics is that mainstream American comics are often created in a sort of assembly-line fashion. They have a writer, a penciler (initial sketch), inker (uses a pen to ink over the sketch), letterer (adds dialog) and a colorist. Most Manga books are done by a single creator, who combines all those chores except coloring. Also Manga story lines usually move at a much quicker pace. Due to the high page count, one reads a Manga book at an accelerated pace. Manga books almost always have fewer panels and less dialogue (rambling) per page than American comic books. Check the average Japanese comic book, and you’ll find lots of wordless art. Some of this may be establishing shots, setting a scene or a mood. Some of it may be pure visual action or suspense, told solely through motion, facial expressions, or body language. The price for Manga is also less than the average comic book and a bit less than a standard paperback novel, the small size of Manga and black-and-white printing rather than full color keeps the cost down. The lack color is made up when you consider the story development that it'll have with the amount of pages it has. In Japan, Manga is not viewed as just for kids unlike the American stereotype. There pretty much is a Manga for everyone. With that being stated there are three main genres in Japanese Manga: Shonen Manga (boy's comics), Shojo Manga (girl's comics) and Hentai (adult comics). Shonen Manga is pretty much comics that are primarily action and/or adventure geared. Shojo Manga is for the opposite sex; they are often about relationships and/or love interests. Please note that even though a particular genre is geared towards a certain audience it's not limited to just that audience (unless otherwise stated). Hentai Manga are more focused on the sexual aspect of adulthood usually banned from those younger than the limit. While American comics tend to fall into a few specific genres (superhero, science fiction, etc. ), Japanese comics are designed for a much wider range of reading interests. There are Japanese comics for young boys and girls to adults of all tastes and interests. There are sports comics, soap-opera comics, ambitious business comics — just about any topic you can name. Many of these are much too specialized for the American market, but they are fascinating to know about. With this look at the competing markets, I believe that Manga will just take over due to its large variety. American comics having been based of history or such figures have a harder time keeping up. Manga aren’t as reliant on a base and a set of rules which allows them to adapt or simply tell whatever the story is. Until American comics can find that flexibility they simply won’t be able to keep up with Manga.

Is Development Determined in the Womb? Essay

Introduction Lifecycle or lifespan development is the field in psychology that studies how people change with time. These changes could be biological, including body changes and motor skills; cognitive, including thought and language; and psychosocial, including emotions, personality and relationships with other people. Life cycle development starts in the womb at conception and continues throughout the individual’s life. Other important stages of development are; birth, infancy, adolescence, adulthood, old age and finally death. Though some aspects of development may be strongly influenced by how the fetus develops in the womb, the genes one receives from his/her parents interact with the environmental factors after the individual is born such as the food one eats, parenting, experiences, friends, family relationships, culture and school. All this help us understand the influences that help contribute to growth and development. Our genes are the bio-chemical units of heredity that make ea ch of us a distinctive human being. The genes we share make us people rather than dogs or tulips. But might our individual genetic make-ups explain why one person is outgoing, another is shy, or why one person is slow-witted while another is smart? Some developmental psychologists focus on explaining how our genetic background can determine not only how we look, but also how we behave, how we relate to others i.e. matters of personality. These professionals explore ways to identify how much of our potential as human beings is provided or limited by heredity. In this article we’ll take a closer look at how biological influences (genes) help shape individual development. We’ll learn more about how genetic disorders can impact one’s psychology and development and also how our experiences interact with genetics. Lastly we’ll learn on ways to take care of a child while in the womb and after to ensure they reach their maximum genetic potential. How Biological Influences Determine Development. Development begins at that moment when chromosomes in the sperm and ovum join together in the fallopian tubes to form 23 pairs in an entirely new cell called a zygote. Chromosomes are composed of molecules of DNA containing the genes. Genes are pieces of genetic material that control or influence traits. It is these genes that will guide cell activity for the rest of the individual’s life. A gene controlling some specific characteristic always appear in the same place (the locus) on the same chromosome in every individual of the same species. For example, the locus of the gene that determines whether a person’s blood is type A, B or O is on chromosome 9. Genes also determine the nature and function of every cell in the body. For instance, they determine which cells will ultimately become part of the heart and which will become part of the muscles of the leg. It is the genes that establish how different parts of the body will function; how rapidly the heart will beat, or how much strength a muscle will have. The genetic instructions passed down from both parents’ influence how an individual develops and the traits they will have. Combinations of genes from the father in the sperm and from the mother in the ovum create a unique genetic blueprint the genotype- all of the genes that a person has inherited-that characterizes that specific individual. The actual expressions of those genes that can be identified by directly observing the individual is the phenotype. The phenotype can include physical traits, such as height and color of the eyes, as well as non-physical traits such as shyness, a high strung temperament or a thirst for adventure. Whether or not a gene is expressed depends on two different things: the interaction of the gene with other genes and the continual interaction between the genotype and the environment. The simplest genetic rule is the dominant-recessive pattern in which a single dominant gene strongly influences phenotype. If a child receives a single dominant gene, for a trait from one parent, the child’s phenotype will include the trait determined by that gene. In contrast, a child’s phenotype will include a recessive trait only if she inherits a recessive gene from both parents. Eye color is one example of dominant-recessive genes at work. The gene for brown eyes is dominant and the gene for blue eyes is recessive. If one parent hands down a dominant brown eye gene while the other parent hands down a recessive blue eye gene, the dominant gene will win out and the child will have brown eyes. A person’s sex is also determined in the womb. An individual inherits 23 pairs of chromosomes. Twenty- two of these pairs of chromosomes, called autosomes, contain most of the genetic information controlling highly individual characteristics like hair color, height, body shape, temperament, aspects of intelligence and also all those characteristics shared by all members of our species, such as pattern of physical development. The twenty-third pair, the sex chromosomes, determines the child’s sex. One of the two sex chromosomes, the X chromosome, is one of the largest chromosomes in the body and carries a large number of genes. The other, Y chromosome, is quite small and contains only a few genes. Zygotes containing two X chromosome i.e. XX develops into female and zygote containing one X and one Y chromosome i.e. XY develops into male. Genetic Disorders. Though development in the womb usually produces a normal infant, genetic instructions are not infallible and can go off track at times. Sometimes when a sperm or ovum is formed, the number of chromosomes may divide unevenly, causing the organism to have more or less than the normal 23 chromosomes. When one of these abnormal cells joins with a normal cell, the resulting zygote will have an uneven number of chromosomes. In every case, the result is some type of syndrome with a set of distinguishing characteristics. For example, Down Syndrome in this case, the child has three chromosomes at the site of the 21st chromosomes instead of the normal two. This can result to mental retardation and abnormal physical development. How Interaction Between The Genes And The Environment Determine Development. Although genes play an important role in human development, they alone do not determine who we are. It is important to note that the environment an individual is exposed to both in womb and throughout the rest of his or her life can also impact how the genes are expressed. For example, exposure to harmful drugs while in womb can have a dramatic impact on later child development. Exposure to teratogens, which are noxious substances or other factors that can disrupt prenatal development can prevent the individual from reaching his or her inherited potential. For example, prenatal exposure to X rays can disrupt the migration of brain cells, causing mental retardation (Schull, Norton, & Jensh, 1990). Environmental factors such as the food we eat, the air we breathe, the physical and social contexts we experience, our relationships and our continual ongoing interactions at work, at home and at play are necessary for a person to develop well. Heredity and environment work together to produce person’s intelligence, temperament, height, weight, ability to read and so on. Height is a good example of a genetic trait that can be influenced by environmental factors. While a child’s genetic code may provide instructions for tallness, the expression of this height might be suppressed if the child has poor nutrition or a chronic illness. Proper Care During And After Pregnancy From the above information we can see that most of an individual’s characteristics, from sex, eye color, height, intelligence are determined in the womb because of the genes, great care of the foetus is important to ensure the development is not impaired. Genetic codes are not irrevocable signals for this or that pattern of development or this or that disease. The eventual developmental outcome is affected by the specific experiences the individual may have from conception onwards. Maintaining good nutrition and obtaining pre-natal care is necessary. According to Institute of Medicine, 1990 development before and during pregnancy is important to defend against specific defects and diminish overall vulnerability. Mineral and Vitamins including iron, zinc, calcium and vitamin A have been proved to be essential for the normal development of the fetus. Early, competent, pre-conceptual and prenatal care is also vital as they not only help birth defects but also reduces the rate of low- birth weight. Avoiding teratogens is vital to avoiding defects on the unborn infant. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that parents read, sing, talk and play music for their baby inside the womb. It is believed that cognitive development starts inside the womb, and hearing music and parents’ voices helps develop a baby’s emotional state. In addition, many researchers believe that hearing a mother’s and father’s voices regularly before birth helps babies learn who their parents are so that those voices can better soothe them after they are born. The Mayo Clinic has also published several studies showing that babies, who are read, played music, sung or spoken to regularly have shown signs of being calmer babies, and may have a better emotional connection with their parents or caregivers. After birth environmental factors such as the food we eat, the air we breathe, the physical and social contexts we experience, our relationships and our continual ongoing interactions at work, at home and at play are necessary for a person to develop well. For example while considering the type of parenting, permissive parents set few rules and rarely punish misbehavior. Their children will be less likely to adopt positive standards of behavior. Children raised by authoritarian parents who resort to discipline, might develop low self-esteem and are more socially withdrawn (Kaufman & Cicchetti, 1989). They tend to be more aggressive and are more likely to become juvenile delinquents (Bower, 1990). According to Baumrind, 1993 the best approach to child rearing is authoritative parenting. These parents are warm and loving, yet insist their children behave appropriately. They encourage independence within well-defined limits, show willingness to explain the reasons for the rules, and permit children to verbalize their disagreement with them. Their children are more likely to become socially competent, independent and responsible. Conclusion While some aspects of development may be strongly influenced by biology, environmental influences may also play a role. For example, the timing of when the onset of puberty occurs is largely the results of heredity, but environmental factors such as nutrition can also have an effect. While the genetic instructions a child inherits from his parents may set out a road map for development, the environment can impact how these directions are expressed, shaped or event silenced. The complex interaction of nature and nurture does not just occur at certain moments or at certain periods of time; it is persistent and lifelong. Clearly, genetics have an enormous influence on how a child develops. However, it is important to remember that genetics are just one piece of the intricate puzzle that makes up a child’s life. Environmental variables, including parenting, culture, education and social relationships also play a vital role. Berger, K. S. (1998). The Developing Person Through the Life Span (4th Ed). New York. Worth Publishers. Berk, E. Laura. (2001). Development through the Life Span. U.S.A. Allyn and Bacon Publishers. Hellen, L. Bee and Boyd, L. Denise. (1989). Life Span Development (3rd Ed). Boston. Allyn and Bacon Publishers. Hellen, L. Bee and Sandra, K. Mitchelle. (1980). The Developing Person: A Life-Span Approach. New York. Harper and Row Publishers. Lester, M. Sdorow and Cheryl, A. Rickabaugh. (2002). Psychology 5th ed. New York. McGraw-Hill.

Road to Dreams

Life has always been about making choices. We are brought to a realization that the choices we make in life would either make or break us. The past year has been an adventure for me.I was able to experience new and exciting things that were beneficial in my growth and maturity as an individual. For the past few years, I became interested in rendering service to my community. Children became my weakness, and I paid close attention to children who did not have much in life.As a weakness, I deal with children who have special needs. I make sure that I give these children a memorable time, especially for those who are terminally ill. This is the same service that I offer the elderly, so that I may give them a comfortable life. These are some of the experiences that inspire me to become better with my craft and make a difference. The different experiences and the difference I could make with my passion for children would definitely help improve the quality of service that would be given t o Christ Hospital College Community.I started working and interacting with children a few years ago. Equipped with an open mind and eagerness to succeed, I embarked on my quest to fulfill these challenges. For each case that I encountered, I made sure that I was prepared to become the best individual that I can be. My exposure to the children made me realize that there was more to life than just heartaches.Our close encounter with each other made us appreciate the little things that life had to offer. In their own little way, these children showed me the importance of life, and how important it is to have a strong will in life. Such characteristics were necessary in order to become successful in life.Our Wednesdays were spent in the sensory room, where we would take the time and effort to sit on an exercise ball. This may sound easy for many, but for these kids who are feeling weak physically, this is much effort. A goal was set for each week, and together, we would try and reach th ose goals. We were fortunate enough to have them accomplished, making us a step closer to our goals. I noticed that these kids were willing to give their best in order to improve themselves and feel better.I was once given the opportunity to go on a trip to Give Kids the World Village in Disney World. The foundation granted the wishes of children who had life threatening diseases.I have achieved a strong work ethic while spending time with these children they helped me reach a personal experience that I will always keep with me. I was scared at first, for I could not imagine risking the children experience relapses. For every ride that we went to, I saw the genuine happiness from these kids that I have never seen before. I became more opened to the realities that life had to offer. Being involved in the medical field became more than just a dream – it was a passion that I wanted to continue as I grew older.Working with adults never became a hindrance from my end. In fact, I b ecame more determined than ever to indulge into the said field, where I believe I can accomplish my hopes and dreams. In addition to this, I had numerous experiences that would come as an advantage to my career. These could be employed as my backbone, especially when dealing with different kinds of people.My goals in life do not end after college. I would continue to promote good health and care for people around me, as I age and mature. In addition to this, I would keep myself updated with medical advancements, so that I may be able to apply these in my profession.Furthermore, I believe that I have what it takes to become successful in this field. Aside from my dedication and commitment to this field, I also have the heart those who are in need. I believe that this is my greatest strength in becoming an effective member of the health care team.   Life is indeed filled with different choices, and this was one I took to reach the road towards   my dreams   

Business Case Assessment-Marketing in Healthcare Research Paper

Business Case Assessment-Marketing in Healthcare - Research Paper Example In addition, the short and long term projections have also been listed along with the evaluation of the plan. The procedure that is used for evaluating the coronary as well as the peripheral disease is regarded as cardiac imaging. The investigations that are performed under cardiac imaging include Electrocardiography (EKG or ECG) stress tests and resting echocardiograms tests among others. Tests regarding specific vascular diseases such as carotid arterial, extremity arterial as well as the renal arterial are also performed under the cardiac imaging process. The other benefit of cardiac imaging center can be identified in terms that the non-toxic dye used for the purpose of imaging does not affect the kidneys of the patient. Through this process, the researcher can view the heart from a 360-degree angle which was earlier considered to be impossible with catheterization. Moreover, in comparison to the traditional means, the process of cardiac imaging is painless along with being cost-effective as well. The cardiac imaging procedure is also considered to be risk free with almost no complicati ons (Restrepo & Bardo, 2010). Based on these virtues of cardiac imaging, the demand for such processes has increased substantially over the past years. Considering these aspects and the increasing number of people being affected by such diseases, the primary intention of the plan would be to facilitate a wider reach of the treatment. Hence, the strategic goal of marketing the product will be to serve an increasing customer base with the assistance of efficient medical practitioners. However, as the product tends to focus on the health issues concerning the society, making further contributions to the overall well-being of the community, sales and revenue generation will not be treated as a primary objective. In addition, greater significance will be rendered towards fund allocations from various governmental and private sector

Problem question in contract law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Problem question in contract law - Essay Example 14). The acceptance of an offer results in a valid contract. The offeree makes the acceptance in response to the offer made by the offeror. Acceptance must be unqualified, and unambiguous (Barry, 1992, p. 14). The offer made by the offeror to the offeree has to be accepted by the latter, if a binding contract is to ensue. The offeror has the choice of specifying the manner in which the offeree has communicate acceptance of the offer. This makes it incumbent upon the offeree to communicate acceptance without any deviation (Kelly, et al., 2011, p. 234). As such, in certain contracts, one of the parties promises to perform some action, if the other party does some specific act, even though the other party does not promise to perform that act. Such contracts are termed as unilateral contracts. As such, acceptance may be construed from conduct and there is no necessity for it to be communicated (Marson, 2010, p. 16). The readiness to accept offers or to enter into negotiations constitutes an invitation to treat. The main issues to be considered for solving the problem are: Whether there is a valid contract between Julia and O’Brien. Whether the telephonic acceptance by O’Brien concludes a contract between Parsons and O’Brien. ... This enraged Julia, who left the shop. An offer must be unambiguous and can be express or implied. The display of goods in a shop does not constitute an offer. It is merely, an invitation to treat. The offer comes into being when the customer selects some goods and expresses his willingness to purchase them (Barry, 1992, p. 14). Thus, it is the customer who makes the offer, in such instances. In Fisher v Bell, it was held that the display of items with a price tag in shop windows was an invitation to treat (Young, 2010, p. 13). In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Company, the defendants were the producers of a medicinal product called the carbolic smoke ball. This company gave an advertisement in the local newspapers, wherein it promised a reward of ?100 to anyone who contacted influenza or any other disease resulting from catching a cold, after having used their product. It also prescribed the dosage of the carbolic ball to be used, in its advertisement. The company also declared that one ball would last a family for several months (O'Sullivan & Hilliard, 2010, p. 15). The plaintiff Mrs. Carlill bought a smoke ball duly believing the contents of the advertisement, and used the medicine as directed by the company. However, she was infected by influenza, despite using the smoke ball for the required period and in the prescribed manner (O'Sullivan & Hilliard, 2010, p. 16). The Court held that the newspaper advertisement, in this case constituted an offer. In addition, it was held in Grainger Son v Gough that the circulation of a catalogue by a seller of goods does not constitute an offer and that it was merely an invitation to treat. This reiterated in Fisher v Bell, wherein the display of goods in a shop window, was deemed an invitation to treat and not

An investment scheme to finance boot camps Research Proposal

An investment scheme to finance boot camps - Research Proposal Example This is to ensure that children attention is arrested before they are swayed by peer pressure. Behavioral finance is a new field that tries to combine both the behavioral and cognitive physiology in explaining the reasons why people make financial decisions that are irrational. The financial decisions being made by various institutions mandated with protecting the interests of the vulnerable children are failing to capture the real issues that need to be addressed in order to improve the living standards of the children. Exposing the children to some environment is playing a significant role in diverting them towards the education. As a result, they end up not helping their parents once they grow up (Maisel 2014). Therefore, it is critical to understand the importance of behavioral finance especially while making financial decisions that will affect other people. Investor behavior keeps on deviating from logic and reason. The behavior is mainly affected by emotional processes, mental mistakes, and individual personality. These make it very hard to make decisions. Therefore, investment is not a matter of analyzing numbers. Instead, a large part of investment is embedded on the individual behavior. There are many types of behavioral biasness while investing. For instance, cognitive bias can be seen as a rule of thumb which can lead to a systematic deviation from the correct judgment. Some of the common behavioral biasness that can affect the investors’ decisions includes representativeness, worry, disposition effect, familiarity bias, anchoring, and self-attribution biasness (Maisel 2014). In economics, financial intermediation is a process that involves borrowing money and lending it to other parties that are in dire need for financial support. Children act as an important investment for any government or society. Therefore, in this case, the money from the investors will be used to finance different activities being undertaken in the boot camps.

What does Campus Safety Mean Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

What does Campus Safety Mean - Essay Example Among the measures that the university has ensured in order to keep students at a school, safe is a network of 24-hour emergency telephones, night transport and escorting services, adequately lighted sidewalks, and limited hostel access by strictly the hostel occupants. Students have been made aware of all these services that the campus offers and most have given feedback of effective measures taken to adhere to all of them. Complaints of shortages of personnel in activities such as night escort have been initially raised by some students and the university took it into an account and promised to improve on the same. Despite the installed measures that the university has enforced in its surroundings, it is also paramount that students take responsibility for their own security by not exposing themselves to scenarios that might promote insecurity. Such measures include using recommended pathways and avoiding trespasses, walking in at least a group of three and above when walking at night, taking into account the university’s measures that promote security such as calling for escort and using the 24-hour emergency phones and knowing self-defense mechanisms. These measures could keep a student off any security threats and help ease the pressure on the university in providing security for the students. In case of attacks, the victims have an opportunity to go through a healing process assisted by the MSU Counseling Center. With regard to this, the MSU Counseling Center has put some procedures and processes that are used to guide the counselors in assisting victims with diverse effects from various insecurity attacks or similar incidences. These include group counseling and testimonies, one-on-one counseling, group therapies, assurance of future security, and advice on actions to partake in case of future incidences.  

The Efficiency Effects of Mergers and Acquisitions in Malaysian and US Term Paper

The Efficiency Effects of Mergers and Acquisitions in Malaysian and US Banking Institutions - Term Paper Example The effect of globalisation on trade and business is the most prominent aspects and this has created the impotence of deregulation for encouraging economic growth. These market deregulations have intensified the market competition and the existing players are trying to gain upper hand position in the market. In this regard, Hope and Maeleng have mentioned free trades as â€Å"competition–enhancing devise† (Hope and Maeleng, p.61). In such competitive business environment, every organisation is trying to be larger in terms of value, market size, consumer base etc. However, achieving rapid growth is tedious and long term process that may cause in not catering the available opportunities before rivals and this process of growth is known as organic growth. On the other hand, mergers & acquisitions (M&A) leads to achieve a rapid organisational growth. Today, M&A has become very popular strategies for the business and market expansion in domestic and in international market. However, M&A is riskier strategy as it influences the engaged companies as well as the entire market (Hagelm p.155-157). This paper will present a discussion on the effect of M&A on banking institutions and financial markets of Malaysia. 2. Overview of Malaysian and US Banking Sector USA is highly developed nation with a huge financial market. Prior to the financial crisis of 2007-2008 US market was considered to be the most stable financial market. The period of the latest financial crisis has made the entire financial market weak as many top financial institutions including top banks like Lehman Brothers have collapsed severely. Since 2007 till 2009 US banking sector have experienced several bank failures and merged. The statistics are presented below in the table. Table 1: (Source: Fahlenbrach, Prilmeier and Stulz, p.40) However, Now US banks are attempt to recover from the crisis as the banks like JPMorgan and Goldman Sachs are showing considerable growth (Ferreras, â€Å"US Ba nking Sector Endeavors Recovery—Research Report on Goldman Sachs and JPMorgan Chase’s†). However, majority banks are still facing crunch situation and hence, many have commented that it will take a significant time to recover. On the other hand, market indices for US banking sectors depict a positive result which has been presented below. Figure 1 (Source: Fahlenbrach, Prilmeier and Stulz, p.33) Malaysian is a one of the rapidly developing countries in the Asia Pacific region. The effects of the financial crisis of 2007-2008 were on the most of world economies directly or indirectly. However, in case of Malaysian economies it was not hurt significantly and hence, its banking sector kept growing during financial crisis. Bank Negara Malaysia is central banking responsible for regulating other commercial and other investment institution. The following table represents number of financial institution including banks as per November 2009. Table 2 (Source: MIDA,  "Banking, Finance and Exchange Administration†) Malaysia banking has anticipated a growth in loan amount in during 2010 as it loan amount increased by 12.8% comparing to previous years. Analysts, Lin and Mee have commented that â€Å"Within the retail segment, mortgages, hire purchase and credit card loans grew by 13.2 per cent, 7.7 per cent and 14.2 per cent respectively†